The Life of Hannah More and The Sorrows of Yamba :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Life of Hannah to a greater extent and The Sorrows of Yamba Hannah More has been called one of the most prolific and influential authors of her day in England (Ford ix). This proves to be true upon analyzing her heart and accomplishments in the nineteenth century. Hannah More was born in 1745 in Stapleton, Bristol, England (Hopkins xiii). Mary Gladys Jones comments on Mores life and gives the description of this literary figure as a Tory who championed the radical causes of anti-slavery and the education of the poor, a Churchwoman who attended a Dissenting Meeting House only once and employed Methodist teachers (Ford ix-x). The two main political issues that More would write about during the course of her life were anti-slavery issues and the promotion of the education of the poor and women. More herself was educated along with her sisters by her father (Damrosch 100). More and her sisters would later found a successful school which be many of her contemporaries. Local authorities felt threatened by the sisters assumption of power and were assuaged only by the Mores manipulation of traditional feminine roles (Ford xiii). In the platform in Mores school, she made a conscious effort to maintain sexual difference and inequality while upgrading or masculinizing the education of women (xiii). As a woman, Hannah More was an unusual figure in nineteenth-century England. She was unmarried and very publicly voiced her opinion. After a failed engagement, More sought financial independence (Damrosch 100). More began create her works to the general population. Her works were sell cheap, and preachers, missionaries, or landlords handed them out (Damrosch 189). Since More celebrated the godly, self-disciplined layperson who looked out for the common good she sold her works very inexpensively (Ford 1). At a half-penny to one and one-half penny per installment, Mores writings became popular amongst the poor in society (128). More had labor ious political beliefs that explain much of her writing and methods. She had a long-held belief that aristocratic virtue, whether civic or personal, dictated general morality which, in turn, ensured the soundness of the farming (xii). Her moral beliefs are directly effected from her religious beliefs. More fought for anti-slavery laws in hopes that the abolition of the African slave trade and the observance of Sabbatarian laws, among other measures, would dismiss similar divine retribution against the British ruling classes (84).

Infidelity in Othello Essays -- Othello essays

Infidelity in Othello Two important scenes in Othello are the lure scene (3.3) and the Willow scene (4.3). Although the progeny of discussion in both scenes is infidelity, the two scenes contrast more than they compare. First, the setting is different in the two scenes. around of the come-on scene takes place outdoors, in a garden. The atmosphere is open but the conversation stifling. In this scene, Iago tricks Othello into believing Desdemona is cheating on him with Michael Cassio. In the Temptation scene, Iago conjures up images of infidelity in the mind of Othello. Upon seeing Cassio leave the side of Desdemona, Iago looks on the scene with disdain. Unsuspecting Othello asks Iago what is wrong. Iago speaks of Cassios leaving as stealing away so guilty-like, / comprehend you coming (3.3.43-44). In this way, Iago plants his first seed of discord. Next, Desdemona beseeches Othello to reinstate Cassio. Angry at her persistence, he asks for some m alone. In this time alone, h e scolds himself for his frustration. Yet Iago invades this time so he may sow more seeds of jealousy. Othello knows Iago to be honest, so when Iago seems disturbed at the relationship between Cassio and Desdemona, Othello becomes alert. Moreover, Iago continues by reminding Othello of Desdemonas deception of her father (3.3.233-235). At this point Othello begins to doubt the fidelity of his wife. Iago notes Othellos change saying, I see this hath a little dashed your spirits (3.3.244). He says, I do not find but Desdemonas honest(3.3.258). But two lines later he professes, And yet, nature erring from itself-- (3.3.260). Then Othello begins a soliloquy expressing, This fellows Iago of exceeding honesty (... ...ons. The main topic of discussion is the same in both scenes. Yet the characters approach the question in different ways. Furthermore, each scene has a masculine character and a feminine character. Finally, the differences in passivity and aggressiveness vary from character to character. Works Cited and Consulted Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare Four Tragedies. New York Bantam Books, 1980. Ferguson, Francis. Two Worldviews Echo Each Other. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Beyond Good and Evil: Nietzsches Philosophy on Good and Evil Essay exa

Friedrich Nietzsche was a philosopher in the 1800s. His work has since influenced, impacted, and brought forth new questions for numerous philosophers to follow. One of Nietzsches famous writings Beyond Good and Evil expresses his views on society and the cardinal different classes it holds, slave and master. He expresses his belief that the two are in warfare with one another, the strong (master) fighting for the will to power, while the weak (slave) tries to pull the master down to their level using underground forms of revenge. Nietzsche believed the slave morality was one that included humility, obedience, and submission, and was the destructive woof and attribute of Christianity, while the master morality was full of arrogance and pride and that power of human himself is what needs to be attained. Nietzsche sought to prove that the master morality was the only true way to success in life and this was to come at any(prenominal) cost, even the cost of another weaker individu al. Nietzsches theories do not hold true against the ultimate truth of the Bible, where in which all has been tried and proven true, clock and time again. Master MoralityTo Nietzsche the master morality was the attribute of the ultimate race, a race not of color or ethnicity, but one that fought for power. The master were those who by force and power sought after what was good, which included anything that would be helpful. Not concerning them selves with society as a whole, only with rising to power and the obligation of self. The masters he believed were to dominate the slaves and the slaves should just willingly submit. The master morality was often attributed with qualities such as power, nobility, and independence, placing them beyond good and evil. Striving t... ...God came to give us life but that the enemy comes to kill steal and destroy, so it appears in Nietzsches case the enemy won. God made His choices clear and told us what choice to make in Deuteronomy 3019 where He says chose Him, choose life Choosing life is choosing Gods way, and His way includes nothing of the master morality Nietzsche claimed so much passion about. I am however saddened about the choice Nietzsche made and angry about the deception of the devil, but I am glad about one thing, that is that I do not have to choose a master or slave morality, rather I choose God, who is the writer and perfector of my faith and we be the Ruler of me and my house for evermore. Work CitedThe New Oxford Annotated Bible With the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, New Revised Standard Version. Michael D. Coogan, editor. New York Oxford UP, 2001. Print.

Comparing Social Classes in Toni Morrisons Recitatif and Guy de Maupas

Comparing Social Classes in Toni Morrisons Recitatif and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace Toni Morrisons Recitatif and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace represent social coursees according to the influence of the narrator. Therefore, the overview of the presented classes is biased. Although Recitatif and The Necklace provide images of several different classes, the class level of the narrator conveys generalizations about each of the respective class levels relative to the story. slice the society level of the narrator of The Necklace is fairly obvious through careful reading, the social status of Twyla, the narrator of Recitatif is directly stated. Twylas husband, Josh, is a firefighter. Therefore, he is a atom of the working, fondness class society. Their extended household lives in an average neighborhood and the family members lead common lives. Although the main character of The Necklace is also a member of the middle class, the narrator belongs to a wealthier society. This is evident through the narrators description of Mathilde. For example, the very first sentence of The Necklace, She was one of those pretty and charming girls who are sometimes, as if by a mistake of destiny, born in a family of clerks (67), indicates that Mme. Loisel is shallow and self-centered. Although the narrators of Recitatif and The Necklace are from different classes, each employs similar methods to create sympathy for their respective society and malevolence toward the class of the storys antagonist. Although Twyla and Roberta both display several character flaws in Recitatif, Roberta is the ultimate wrongdoer. Twyla and Roberta begin having problems with their friendship followin... ... of fiction. Though frequently overlooked, this factor often affects a storys plot with as much of an impact, if not more, as the setting and point of view. Generalizations regarding the different levels of society are subtly intertwined with other important fac ts. The society of a short storys narrator, whether the narrator is an active character or outside the story, is an influential factor concerning the presentation of the different classes in the story, therefore directly affecting the plot. Works Cited de Maupassant, Guy. The Necklace. Understanding Fiction. third ed. Eds. Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, 1979. 67-74 Morrison, Toni. Recitatif. New Worlds of Literature Writings from Americas Many Cultures. 2nd ed. Eds. Jerome Beaty and J. Paul Hunter. New York Norton, 1994. 210-225

What is Means to be Successful :: essays research papers

SuccessThe Ameri scum bag heritage dictionary defines success as, An event that accomplishes its intended purpose. The commentary certainly looks precise and is theoretically a strong statement. The definition of success varies drastically due to the individual perception in accordance with the situation. Success can be defined in various forms. There might be numerous ways in which an individual gratify them self as be successful. How can one achieve success? To be successful one must achieve all four levels of success i.e. personal, financial, academic and social.Individual capability to maintain strong family and martial relationships would be considered as a success on personal level. Jonathan A. Harris, a senator from Connecticut describes success as, Going home at night with a smile and be able to sleep. And talking out someones recycling. in-person relationships play an important part in packs lives. A sound relationship with family members generates support. The amoun t of care and affection engendered from being married develops a solid relationship. Friends are another aspect in this category, which play a major role. Friends are there whenever or wherever they are required. Having a lot of friends expresses a message that an individual has self confidence. Personal success comes with a long lasting relationship.Financial success comes with proper money management, reliable income and savings. Being financially successful does not necessarily pixilated to have a six figure income. Financial success comes with a better understanding of the value of money and utilizing it wisely. You have reached the pinnacle of success as soon as you become uninterested in money, compliments, or publicity. quotes Thomas Wolfe, a great twentieth century writer. People might be generating a very high or low income but if they can utilize their income in proper way they would obtain a solid financial stability. parsimony is another key aspect to expedite financia l success. People who have tendency to save would attain a rigid financial strength.Generally being successful on an academic level would be to attain at least a bachelor degree and to be professional utilizing knowledge in a practical manner. Felix E. Schelling, an American educator articulates that, True education makes for inequality, the inequality of individuality, the inequality of success, the glorious inequality of talent, of genius. Definitely educational success is associated with the level of education attained. The journey of education begins at a tender childhood age and lasts untills the end. Its a life long learning experience.

What is Means to be Successful :: essays research papers

SuccessThe American heritage dictionary defines winner as, An offspring that accomplishes its intended purpose. The definition certainly looks precise and is theoretically a strong statement. The definition of success varies drastically due to the psyche perception in unity with the situation. Success can be defined in various forms. There mogul be numerous ways in which an individual gratify them self as being successful. How can one achieve success? To be successful one must achieve all four levels of success i.e. personal, pecuniary, schoolman and social.Individual ability to maintain strong family and martial relationships would be considered as a success on personal level. Jonathan A. Harris, a senator from Connecticut describes success as, breathing out home at night with a smile and being able to sleep. And talking out someones recycling. Personal relationships play an important scatter in peoples lives. A sound relationship with family members generates support. Th e amount of care and affection engendered from being married develops a lusty relationship. Friends are a nonher(prenominal) aspect in this category, which play a major role. Friends are there whenever or wherever they are required. Having a lot of friends expresses a message that an individual has self confidence. Personal success comes with a long lasting relationship.Financial success comes with proper money management, reliable income and savings. Being financially successful does not necessarily mean to have a six figure income. Financial success comes with a better understanding of the value of money and utilizing it wisely. You have reached the raising of success as soon as you become uninterested in money, compliments, or publicity. quotes Thomas Wolfe, a great twentieth century writer. People might be generating a very high or low income but if they can utilize their income in proper way they would obtain a solid financial stability. Saving is another key aspect to expedi te financial success. People who have tendency to save would attain a rigid financial strength.Generally being successful on an academic level would be to attain at least a bachelor degree and to be professed(prenominal) utilizing education in a practical manner. Felix E. Schelling, an American educator articulates that, True education makes for inequality, the inequality of individuality, the inequality of success, the glorious inequality of talent, of genius. Definitely educational success is associated with the level of education attained. The journey of education begins at a tender childhood age and lasts untills the end. Its a life long learning experience.

Psychology of Prediction Essay

Over the decades, there has been much controversy on the effectiveness of clinical ventureions which are in general found on experts intuition. Researches from the past decades have proven that statistical methods are more than accurate than clinical predictions and other researches examined trial-and-error principles used in predicting and sagacity takes during times when there is un reliablety or insufficient information. Although relying upon these heuristics simplifies judgment to a legitimate degree, this may lead to severe errors. Basically, there are three heuristic principles proposed by Kahneman and Tversky (1974).The first is called the availability heuristic, wherein predictions are made based on the information available. The second is anchoring, wherein predictions are based on a series of numeric estimates or anchors. The third one is called the representativeness heuristic, wherein predictions are made based on the subsistence of apparently similar cases. This paper studies one of these heuristic principles namely, representativeness heuristic, to show how this heuristic raise lead to bias on clinical predictions and hence, show that such heuristics are, indeed, less accurate than predictions based upon statistical methods.First, the author feels compelled to give a little solid ground on a few studies over the on-going clinical-statistical controversy. In 1996, Grove and Meehl proved that statistical method is almost invariably equal to or superior to clinical method (p. 293) in terms of accuracy in prediction. They analyzed secondary selective information coming from 136 published English researches since the 1920s which dealt with the prediction of health-related phenomena or humankind behaviour.These researches should as well contain at least one of to each one prediction that is, at least one clinical prediction or one based on human judgment and at least one mechanical or statistical prediction. As have mentioned earlier, all of the researches they included in their analyse proved that statistical method is indeed almost always equal to or superior to clinical method because statistical prediction obtained from organized data are almost always free from bias. These data are observed from actual experiences and are recorded with precise instruments instead of relying on unaided memory.Moreover, statistical inferences are more objective than the human mind which can be bias at times or which can neglect certain outstanding attributes that are necessary before even concluding on the result and thus, sometimes resulting to severe errors in predictions. Hence, predictions obtained from these statistical methods produce unbiased results in line of products with predictions made from human judgment. There are many reasons and examples that can show the superiority of statistical method over clinical method.In this paper, one theatrical role of heuristic is presented based on the observations of Kahneman an d Tversky in their paper On the Psychology of Prediction (1973). Their paper is chosen due to the fact that it presents how people, specifically clinicians, judge certain events based on similar events that happened in the past. In the end, this paper shows how such a heuristic (representativeness) can lead to certain and possibly severe errors in judgment as compared to the event of using statistical method.Data analysis, discussion and conclusion are all based upon the findings of Kahneman and Tversky (1973) and Grove and Meehl (1996). In 1973, Kahneman and Tversky discussed two classes of prediction, the categoric prediction, in which predictions are presented nominally and numerical prediction, in which predictions are presented in numerically. They first examined category predictions by dividing 248 participants into three bases 69 participants for the base-rate sort, 65 participants for the similarity group and 114 participants for the prediction group.The base-rate group was asked to guess the percentage of first-year graduate students in the US who are enrolled as of the time the study was in progress in each of the nine fields of specialization namely, Business Administration, Computer Science, Engineering, Humanities and Education, Law, Library Science, Medicine, Physical and Life Sciences, and Social Science and Social Work. The similarity group was given a personality sketch (see Kahneman and Tversky, p. 38) and asked to rank the nine areas in terms of how similar is Tom W. to the typical graduate student in each of the following nine fields of graduate specialization? . The prediction group, which consists of graduate students in psychology at three major universities in the United States was also given the same personality sketch as that given to the similarity group with some additional information (see Kahneman and Tversky, p. 239) and was asked to predict Tom Ws election of specialization.Kahneman and Tversky compared the results of these three groups by presenting a table (see Kahneman and Tversky, p. 238) and computing the product-moment correlations between the columns of the table. In so doing, they confirmed their hypothesis that most people predict certain events based on representativeness. Kahneman and Tversky explained that this happens because all the participants ignored certain important features before drawing their conclusions. In this way, they violate the normative rules of information.The participants, basically, ignored the three types of information relevant in any statistical analysis namely, prior or background information (presented to the participants using base rates of fields of graduate specialization, specific express concerning the individual case (presented to the participants using the personality sketch of Tom W. ) and the expected accuracy of prediction. The statistically correct method of predicting Tom Ws choice of specialization would be to compare the relative weights assigned to specific evidence and prior information with that of expected accuracy.As Kahneman and Tversky explains when expected accuracy decreases, predictions should become more regressive, that is, closer to the expectations based on prior information (p. 239). However, the participants in their study predicted without even considering the prior probabilities assigned to the specific evidence as described in Tom Ws personality sketch. Kahneman and Tversky (1973) also examined in their paper how numerical predictions can also lead to bias judgments or severe errors. In a study designed analogously with their study on categorical predictions, they showed that people also tend to predict by representativeness.That is, most predict an outcome using a score that is most representative of the description they were provided. Kahneman and Tverskys showed us that whether people were given nominal or numerical data, they tend to predict outcomes by representativeness. Most may think that predicting by representativeness is more efficient than statistical methods since one should only consider similar or representative events objet dart statistical methods require rigorous (as most think) tasks such as observing and gathering data and computing for too many measures such as mean, beat deviation and the like.However, this can become less accurate since they fail to consider some important parts in their analysis before drawing conclusions whereas statistical methods consider all of the important parts required before completely analyzing a data. Such statistical and mechanical methods reduce bias since these methods rely on precise measuring instruments than heuristic methods which rely almost entirely to memory or past knowledge which are most of the time insufficient or cannot wholly represent a certain event.Moreover, results derived from heuristic methods such as representativeness can alter depending upon the perception of different people. Results from statistical metho d, on the other hand, vary only because of variation between groups or within-groups. But even if data is given to five hundred different people, as long as the data is still the same, it will still yield the same result.

General course on philosophy Essay

The world is comprised of various types of personalities and my personal experience send word attest to that. My signifier is composed of young phall(a)ic and female adults of varying shapes, sizes, heights and colors. During class, I could too imagine that our instructor would compass us as a sea of hues, all blending together within the space of the classroom. If our instructor did not focus of each(prenominal) one of our faces, it would be impossible for him to differentiate each one of us beca practise we get along well enough to proceed and complete each classroom meeting.Despite the nature of viscosity of our identities, there atomic number 18 also times when certain members of our class would go to opposite directions, especially when philosophical concepts are world discussed. When our instructor would present a controversial topic such as euthanasia, there would be at least three distinct responses from our class. In general, there would be the group that would appr ove of the concept and the other group would extend an outright check of the topic.The third in time silent group would be that of the neutral ones, who are always known to be nonreactive amidst all the outbursts or so them. One should understand that the variations in the responses of the members of our class are not simply comprised of three general reactions. Our instructor is aware that each broad group foundation be further place according to the principles and beliefs of each individual. For example, if euthanasia were approved in the entire country, the members of the group that is against euthanasia would aggressively react to this.The implementation of euthanasia could be equivalent to the crumbling of their world, as they would envision deaths that are at the mercy of physicians and other healthcare personnel. Looking closer into the reasons behind the disapproval of these individuals to euthanasia may be different for each individual. It is possible that one schola r disapproves of euthanasia because he is a strong believer of the Catholic religion, which raises the bar in terms of the value of life. Another student may not be in support of the concept of euthanasia because he has lost a loved one by means of such medical-ethical nestle.It is also possible that another student disapproves the topic of euthanasia because his estranged father is a physician who actively participates in such technique, and thereof his disagreement is not really about the topic just against his former role model. In order to shed more detail into the finer variations behind the reactions, the instructor should thus know each one of the members of the class. The class is big, as it is mainly a general course on philosophy and thus there are around 200 students in the room.When the instructor walks over to the podium and starts his lecture for the day, our eyes may seem to be tiny lights that would flicker at the rattling stoppage when he utters a serious topi c that needs to be discussed for an hour. He may or may not push many buttons in some of us, resulting in our reactions of support and condemnation. As for the other explosive topics, it may not be a simple button pushing for a number of students, but more of shoving a concept to our faces and asking us to express of thoughts and ideas.The course may be considered as general subject for undergraduate students, so far short(p) do we know that we are unconsciously learning skills on how to analyze concepts. More importantly, these classroom discussions could pave the way to a clear journey for all of us, as we start our movement through an endless tunnel. It may be dark inside this tunnel of the unknown, yet after this long walk, there would be light at the end of the tunnel, leading us to a place that would cushion our identities and provide us slumber.PART II A metaphor can affect a persons emotions because it allows the author to symbolize his ideas using topics, as well as ad jectives, in order that the reader may catch a better detect of the narration. A metaphor therefore facilitates in the cognition of an idea, thing or event that the writer wants to describe. This form of language can increase the impact of a narration because it can fully describe thoughts, as well as actions, by the use of transference (Hovecses, 2010).This approach allows the writer to define a certain topic through the use of comparison of two concepts that are generally considered as fully dissimilar yet may be the same in some aspect, viewpoint or perception. A metaphor can affect a persons emotions because it assists in describing a topic through the use of descriptors of another matter (Wormeli, 2009). It should be understood that the other matter could be something else that is whole different from the topic in mind, yet the application of the descriptors of this matter can increase the weight and impact of the topic in focus.It is probably human nature to employ certain descriptors of one thing in order to provide information on another topic. The use of metaphor allows the narrator to transfer certain features that are unique to one event onto the topic of interest, resulting in a better understanding of the idea that needs to be conveyed. A simple example of a metaphor that could stimulate the emotions of a reader is to use items that are important to the reader, such as the actors line life, love and world.When a small item means so much to a certain person, the writer could signify this importance by claiming that this small item is equivalent to the life of that person. Once the reader sees this description, he will thus feel that the item being presented is indeed so important, thus influencing his emotions to go with the narration. delivery can empower or limit the expression of our thoughts because it allows the writer to use likeness in describing a certain topic (Kennedy & Gioia, 2009). The writer is therefore given the freedom to ch oose which words to employ for his narration.If the writer chooses to use strong words, his ideas are then delivered with great impact, influencing the reader to perceive the same emotions that the writer feels about the topic. On the other hand, a writer may employ subtle words when he feels that there is no need to purposely impart strong emotions regarding a specific matter. Language is therefore a strong tool because it could excite the reader into any direction that the writer wants provide. Every writer has a large reservoir of words that he could employ when describing or explaining a especial(a) topic.In narration, language can be forceful if there is a need to emphasize a certain emotion. Language is empowered through the use of metaphors and other forms of destination because it allows the writer to represent certain topics by affinity (Applebee et al. , 2005). It focuses on describing a certain topic by tapping on the perceptions of the reader through the use of symbo lism and analogy. The choice of words that generate a sentence may impact a reader because the writer has the capacity of employ analogy in presenting his ideas.He is capable of identifying one topic by describing features of a separate item, using the latters features to emphasize certain points of the former topic. Language is thus a powerful tool that could affect the perceptions and emotions of readers and this is mainly based on the writers capacity to apply certain form of speech such as metaphors and similes. Language can take the reader to a place where the writer has been, without physically going to that place.This successful and complete narration of a certain place mainly depends on the capacity of the writer to select words that would fully convey how he feels and sees in the place of interest. It is possible to perceive all the information that we create if we use the correct words that would impart the same effect on the reader. If we would like an audience to feel wh at we are genuinely feeling, we can use two general approaches. One approach would be to describe that condition in a straightforward manner, expressing the actual emotion.Another approach would be to employ metaphors, which assist in describing certain topics through the use of analogy. We can therefore present features that are inherent in other matters yet when applied as a descriptor for our topic, it purposefully imparts a sensation in the reader. Metaphors employed as form of speech are thus very helpful in describing and imparting certain emotions that the reader may be directly feel, yet when presented through the use of transference and analogy, could be equivalent to what the writer actually feels.In order to deliver a complete description of a certain topic, we should initially describe the general environment of the topic. For example, if we are describing a person, then the general physical features from a farther point of view should first be presented. These features may include the adjectives such as tall or short in height, lean or heavy in body size and so on. Once this has been provided, finer details of the individual can then be presented, such as wide eyes, or puckered lips or unkempt hair.The organization of the presentation of details of a certain topic is essential in conveying a message to the reader or the audience. This organization of information could significantly influence the readers understanding and perception of the topic being presented. If the writer or narrator does not employ this approach, the reader may not fully comprehend the scenario or the topic that is being presented. A disorganized delivery of information to the audience may therefore result in a different understand, emotion and perception of the topic and it may be totally different from what the writer intended to convey.REFERENCES Applebee, A. N. , Bermudez, A. B. & Blau, S. (2005). The language of literature. San Francisco Holt MacDougal, 1548 pages. Hovec ses, Z. (2010). Metaphor A practical introduction, 2nd ed. London Oxford University Press, 400 pages. Kennedy, X. J. & Gioia, D. (2009). Literature An introduction to fiction, poetry, drama and writing. Los Angeles Longman Publishers, 2256 pages. Wormeli, R. (2009). Metaphors and analogies Power tools for pedagogics any subject. New York Stenhouse Publishers, 264 pages.

Red Bull’s current marketing strategies Essay

How should fierce red cent market its brand in the incoming? I think, although Red Bull has been extremely successful in the past, times have changed and the company and products should change with it, otherwise we probably lose market comp anent to the tremendous increased number of competitors in no time.At the height of early mornings and late nights, Red Bull energy pledge became the fuel of choice for pack from all walks of life. So how is Red Bull marketing its brand to meet the changing needs and budgets of its customers? How will the privately owned Austrian company blow a fuse its product line beyond the silver-bullet beverage that gives you wings? My conclusion is that we should focus on what the consumers want, need, and can afford and different marketing techniques.Red Bull founder, Dietrich Mateschitz, introduced his seltzer drinks to the Austrian market in 1987. Red Bull got off the ground in no time flat, giving people wings right from the start. It wasnt until ten years later, Red Bull charged into the United States, launching a new category of non-soda energy drinks aimed at burned out utmost school kids, college students, and overworked individuals. In my opinion Red Bull should focus not provided on low cost marketing, but also areas of mass marketing. Red Bull is an energy drink with an amazingly clever marketing strategy, but could use an extra shove in areas.Since its inception, Red Bull has shunned print advertizing in its marketing strategy. Red Bull has also chosen to eliminate billboards, banner ads, taxicab holograms, blimps, and Super Bowl spots as a normal of advertising.It has not created one web-marketing campaign, and it hasnt nipped or expanded its product line. This could be a good area to begin. Promoting the drink with prints or web-marketing campaigns could add to the many snug consumers. Red Bulls website could also use renovations. The website, http//www.redbullusa.com/start.html, does not include an in-depth a nalysis on ingredients contained in the drink, whereas Dark Dog and Red Devil do. If consumers precious to learn what was contained in the drink and how they benefit from the product, the in workation should not only be available, but in abundance. Also, Super Bowl advertising has proved to be very beneficial,with more viewers than any TV program. Advanced communications technology is creating a generation where many individual can be affected by one visual. However, Red Bull chooses to use advertising that cost little or nothing.Red Bull has also adopted another form of low cost advertising. Red Bull sets its grassroots ethic into motion with a simple, yet masterful marketing force, student brand managers. In Europe, collegial buzz junkies have been successfully addicting friends and classmates for years thanks to a foolproof branding plan Red Bull provides the student representatives with free cases of its energy drink and then encourages the kids to throw a party. Red Bull could also use this technique with older individuals in high stress occupations. This will not only spread the word quickly and cheaply, but to more individuals of different ages. This would allow Red Bull to expand its target.In terms of attracting new customers and enhancing consumer loyalty, Red Bull has a more effective branding campaign than Coke or Pepsi, says Nancy F. Koehn, professor of business administration at Harvard Business School and author of tell on New How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers Trust from Wedgwood to Dell (Harvard Business School Press, 2001). Red Bull is building a beverage brand without relying on the essential equipment of a mass-marketing campaign. Perhaps the indispensable tools of marketing arent so indispensable after all. With the little advertising Red Bull uses, an extra push in one of these areas could prove very beneficial for the company.ResourcesBrand New How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers Trust from Wedgwood to Dell (Harvard Business School Press , 2001)http//www.redbullusa.com/start.htmlhttp//www.plan-b.biz/pdf/Speed_In_a_Can.pdfhttp//www.darkdog.com/http//www.reddevilusa.com/http//www.safefoodonline.com/safefood/Uploads/appendix_I_stimulant_drinks_in_ireland%2520_trans_mgmt.pdf

Jones Case Study

Jones Case Study Scenario 1 Since it seems same(p) the Jones are set on having a family and that family is important to them this scenario will focus much on what could be best for them to do to pass on sure their family life is st up to(p). In this scenario it seems to me that Jim needs to find a job closer to home that by chance works him a little less. He has stated that he would like to spend more clip with his intelligence and that could be achieved by working closer to home. The commute itself would save him about 7 hours weekly that he could spend with his child.Jim has also mentioned that his job isnt peculiarly exciting so this might be his chance to go after something he likes more while giving him more time at home. Since his wife makes more money it might not be bad if he took a little pay cut as well in lay to accomplish his goals. As far as Lisa goes if having a family is truly a main priority for them she may not want to take the job in Atlanta. She already h as a job that makes quite a bit and a move to Atlanta would only wet more work and probably would beggarly that they wouldnt be able to prolong another child for a couple of years. in any case moving to a bigger city will also sloshed that they will train to find new child care which may cost more, another home which will cost more and Jim will consider to definitely find another job which could put a strain on the marriage if he is unsuccessful or if he is making good less that she is. I see the best outcome with this scenario if Jim can find a job closer to home in order to spend more time with his son and also find a change of pace with his job. Lisa would need to stick with her current position in order to make having a bigger family more attainable for the moment.Scenario 2 If Jim and Lisa put a priority on being financially secure and more so value Lisas career then these are some options they might consider. First forward Lisa would definitely need to take the promot ion and they would move to Atlanta. This would be great because they would definitely have enough money for their home as well as childcare. They would also have more financial security and would be better able to save for things like their kids education and retirement since Lisa is now making more money than both of them were combined.If Jim also found another job they would be actually secure financially and potentially with the move it might open up more job options for Jim and he may find something that he enjoys more. Moving to a bigger city also opens up the options for better childcare and better education for their children in the future should their family grow. However as mentioned in the last scenario this may put a strain on the marriage if Jim is unsuccessful in finding another job. Also this new job for Lisa will probably mean more hours at work and less time with the family.It will probably also mean not having another child for quite sometime and maybe never depend ing on what her new roles are at her job. The family might definitely have to be put on the backburner for a little while as the transition occurs. Scenario 3 This scenario would be kind of an extreme mix of the two previous scenarios. Since Jim has stated that he wants to spend more time with their son he could possibly become a stay at home atomic number 91. Lisa could take the job in Atlanta, which would definitely make more than enough money to maintain a family of three especially since they could cut childcare costs.Some cons to this situation however would be that they would have to overcome the social stigma of having the wife work and the dad stay at home. That would be the biggest challenge in my opinion. Especially if Jim started to belief like his worth had been diminished. This could definitely put a strain on the marriage. Also Lisa would have to deal with turning over her motherly duties somewhat and spend less time with the family. She would also probably not be a ble to have kids anytime soon as well but if they decided to at least this way she wouldnt have to take as much time off since Jim would be home tending to the new child.Jim could also start up some type of business he could run at home. This would allow him to feel like he is contributing to the family income but also spend time with the kids. Reflection This assignment is a good preparation for big decisions that we all make in our lives. One thing that it shows is that thither are many possible solutions to any problem and that we must look at the risks and rewards with each and decides which is best for our bear unique family situation. These decisions would be much easier for a family with no children vs. family that already has 3 or 4 kids. If my wife and I were presented with the same situation I would echo that we would follow scenario 1 the closest since family is most important to us. Neither of us are really looking to make a lot of money and for myself I wouldnt mind b eing a stay at home dad. My wife may object but I love kids and spending time with them and if my wife was offered a job that paid a lot of money, enough to support a family, and it was something that she wanted to do and was passionate about I would like to think that I would support her in doing that.Every family is different though and needs to meet different needs so there is no wrong or right way to go about this. I personally believe that family should always come first but that doesnt necessarily mean that you have to spend a lot of time with them. I think it is important though that you are there for your spouse or your kids when they need you and that you are there to support them in the things that they do. If they feel your love and support I dont think it matters how many hours you work or how much money you make.

Nestle vs Dutchlady Essay

approach already exist in Malaysia market, now we would like to impinge on an analysis about the hold tight product in Taman Koperasi Cuepacs ,Kajang Selangor, whether customer are satisfaction with Nestle product or customer prefer with other brand like Dutch Lady. From that, Nestle can chance upon some improvement for their product line to expand their business strategy and fulfill the customers satisfaction. 1. OBJECTIVE 1. To know how well known of Nestle product in Kajang Selangor. 2. To know why people choose Nestle product to compare it with Dutch lady Product 3.Chefs were asked to discuss their requirements. The results showed that consumers were saying uncontaminating is best. However, the chefs view was slightly different in experimental conditions of My customers would like everything to be made from scratch (i. e. made from basic raw ingredients), but I dont have the time and money to do this. The research revealed that the market was divided into a number of segmen ts. A segment is a divulge of an overall market made up of customers with similar characteristics. Chefs fitted into four main segments The research showed a sizeable demand for Segment 3 a aim for Maggie A Natural Choice products.Brand proposition the research specify a proposition for developing the new brand. This new proposition was to create a product with more natural qualities for chefs who aim to please who want their cooking to be as fresh tasting as possible. Natural qualities would be defined in terms of taste, smell, look and texture. Target market Maggie A Natural Choice target was to be chefs who aim to please. Their prime aim is to furnish delicious, wholesome foods that customers enjoy. These chefs enjoy their work and have a pride in the satisfaction they give customers.They are not in business just to make money. Brand ambition Maggi A Natural Choice combines the goodness and taste of real ingredients with time and cost saving. http//businesscasestudies. co. uk/nestle/nutrition-health-wellness-new-product-development-at-nestle/market-research. htmlixzz1rRQlFtbi From the literature review above, foregoing research about the satisfaction about nestle brand which is Maggie. From this research, Maggie is a famous food for a long time ago, but now, people in UK said, the product had come to be seen as uninteresting and old fashioned due to its dehydrated format and flavor.From that, we can know, is that, customer are satisfied with the Nestle brand or not, if customer are no satisfied with the Nestle brand, Nestle need to make some improvement to their product in term of flavor or packaging. In this research, the researcher shows that, there have 4 segments, which is, a target for Maggie, Brand proposition, Target market and, Brand ambition.Questionnaire is a papers that is used to guide what questions are to be asked respondents and in what order, sometimes lists the alternative responses that are acceptable. In addition , list of a rese arch or vision questions asked to respondents, and designed to extract specific information. It serves four basic purposes to collect the appropriate information, make data comparable and amenable to analysis, minimize bias in formulating and intercommunicate question, and to make questions engaging and varied. This is the right way to ask people outside to answer the questionnaire to be given to the respondents.The advantages of questionnaire * Cost legal Questionnaires are cost effective compared the research methods using interviews or data mining. The questionnaire could be distributed to a larger population over a shorter period of time. This is especially true for sample populations that guarantee a large geographic area. The questionnaires can be mailed or delivered electronically. Personal interviews take time and mistakes can be made during the analysis of the data due to individual interpretation. Questionnaires can be sent back anonymously and this will allow more re spondents to reply.

Chipolte External Factor Evaluation Essay

Analysis of the External EnvironmentWithin the dissipated effortless segment, in that respect atomic add 18 certain external trends and forces that Chipolte must address. Some of these trends and forces stick tabu lend themselves to being opportunistic in nature however there argon some that can threaten the well-being of the restaurant. The success of a company ultimately depends upon how well it can use its strengths to take advantage of external trends. By utilizing an External operator Evaluation Matrix (EFE) a companys chief strategist can see and determine of the essence(p) external opportunities and threats important to the future of their organization. some other growing trend that the fast casual industry can capitalize on is the growing health trends among consumers. More and more people are sightly aware of the forages that they consume and are making strides to eat healthier. In fact, according to a new survey by the National Restaurant Association, 19% of solitary(prenominal) customers are actively seeking out healthy alternatives when dining out (franchisedirect.com, 2011). This is a direct result of obesity rates constantly rising in the United States.Furthermore, several restaurants competing in the fast casual sector have made conscious efforts to offer rather healthy meals to their customers. Certainly, realizing that customers are seeking out healthy options when dining out will prompt the industry to enjoy overmuch success in the coming years. A third trend is the expanding engross in, and availability of, organic nourishment ingredients. Several restaurant chains have dedicated their mission and vision statements to seek out the finest ingredients. It is no secret that some(prenominal) fast food chains use cheap ingredients that even compromise the nutritional value of the food it serves. However, several fast casual chains scraps to compromise the integrity of the ingredients used in its menu options. The use of produc e that comes from sustainable practices is becoming more and more important to customers after so much light has been shed on how animals are treated before being used for food. This has evenprompted many chains to purchase produce from locally-owned organic food producers.In fact, according to the National Restaurant Association, 70% of adults say they are more likely to visit a restaurant that offers locally produced food items (franchisedirect.com, 2011). The recent advances in technology have also enabled various restaurants to offer customers a more customizable centering to erect food. There are currently applications that allow customers to order food via their smartphone. Capitalizing on an idea from pizza parlors, fast casual restaurants also allow customers to order food online and specify a particular time for pick up up. As these restaurants offer its customers more ways to place an order, the business can hold a larger propensity for growth as ordering food becomes more convenient. The fast casual segment has also begun to enter into the construction of sustainable restaurant designs. Currently, there are numerous initiatives for developing LEED and other sustainable buildings. These buildings are very environmentally friendly, and offer advantages to the communities that they are erected within. At the head of this curve is Chipotle, which has received the first certifications for LEED-designed restaurants (fastcasual.com, 2008).Using sustainable buildings to house its restaurants is not only advantageous be antecedent it would appeal to customers, but there are also other governmental incentives in the form of tax credits and deductions (irs.gov, 2011). Thus, not only are sustainable buildings great for attracting and maintaining new customers, but it also makes great business sense as well as. Diversification of food concepts is a tremendous way to attract a wider audience with a differentiated taste. As the fast casual segment continues t o grow and prosper, the companies competing can afford to implement spinoffs much in the same way as the giants of the fast food industry have done through the years. Many of the key players within the industry attract a customer with a specific taste profile. As these restaurants continue to expand and grow, they too can spinoff another brand of restaurant with a differentiated menu. Accompanying the numerous opportunities to the segment, there are also several existing threats that must be navigated in order to remain successful. The first of these potential threats pertains to rising food prices. The fast casual segment must especially take note of this because it already uses the highest quality ingredients which lead to higher costs.However, if food pricescontinue to rise, the industry would be forced to both cut costs or raise the prices on its menu. This is a very touchy subject as the restaurants within the segment cannot afford to raise prices too high without facing adve rse effects to its normal business operations. The ease of entry into the food market is also another threat that the organization must combat. Although fast casual restaurants offer a distinct experience for consumers, its products are not necessarily revolutionary by any means. This leaves them somewhat vulnerable to competitors to enter the market and attack the brand especially given the low startup costs for restaurants. However, with adequate marketing and ut approximately customer satisfaction, these restaurants can maintain their customer carnal and thwart any potential competitors. Increasingly inclement weather and the apparent increasing threat of natural disasters always remains a possible hardship. This would cause food shortages and a steep rise on the price of ingredients.This makes it absolutely necessary for organizations to diversify their distributors to different parts of the U.S. in order to prevent blasting shortages. This way, if a flood destroys the supply of one supplier in an area, the restaurant can use another supplier elsewhere in order to maintain adequate distribution to its restaurants. The threat of recessions also can be a harmful blight to the segments success. Economic downturns often affect approximately businesses in negative ways and the fast casual segment is not protected from such an event. Although it did enjoy moderate growth and prosperity through the most recent recession, the segments growth was stunted a bit, as was the case for a majority of industries. However, restaurants were steadfast in maintaining prices and a quality experience and customers continued to living the food segment. The threat of consumers taste preferences changing is always of concern. Although most people are creatures of habit, differentiation of taste preferences can change, leaving the restaurant vulnerable. Knowing this, it is crucial that restaurants constantly improve upon food quality and the dining experience.Doing so will keep the entire experience fresh and entice the customer to come back. one and only(a) of the obstacles in restaurants expanding into different areas that most do not realize, is the fact that there are often difficulties in acquiring the necessary agreements to open new stores (Chipotle 10-k, 2011). These be of building permits if the company islooking to build a brand new fixture for the new restaurant, to lease agreements for current buildings. Different cities have different order and ordinance codes, making the decision to rent a preexisting space a plausible alternative. However, the restaurant management typically has a target number of what it wants to pay on a monthly basis.Often, there can be a discrepancy between what management feels is fair and what the lessor feels is fair. This can hinder the expansion rate of a restaurant until both parties come to grips on fair terms of a lease agreement. It is important that fast casual organizations constantly analyze opportunitie s and threats that are presented outside of the organization. If companies do not exploit its advantages within the market, it cannot grow at a pace that it should be. On the other hand, if it does not properly navigate and combat the external threats presented, it will surely not be in business for the long term capacity which is often hoped. Thus, an EFE is extremely important in developing and maintaining a successful business.Works CitedDavid, Fred R. Strategic Management Concepts A Competitive Advantage Approach. Boston Pearson, 2013. Print.

Swot Analysis Rim

The following is the SWOT analysis for b omitberry bush Smartphone, a tool for auditing the organization and its environment and used to rate the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the device, which provides a better understanding about its view in the marketplace, where it stands, and where it needs to move forward to see what its future predicaments will have for them. As you cornerstone see below, the developing/expansion market shargon of Blackberry is able to capture, its current strengths outweighs its weaknesses.In order for Blackberrys opportunities to outweigh its threats they must make for certain that their competitors do not excel in argonas in which they are lacking and meet level of security. The main question we should ask ourselves is will Blackberry stripe the challenge in order to begin taking more market share for its competitors and produce productions that will appeal to a broader target market by upgrading their interfaces and applications to the level that their security has. Blackberry has several strengths including high brand awareness because it is a very recognizable brand with consumers.The company is known to have a good reputation of value for money and convenience because their products costs are worth the value the consumer receives. Blackberry does have a strong market position in the mobile market in comparison to its competitors. Blackberry as well has the value of having the best e-mail and/or diversity device combination-organizer, internet, mp3 player, GPS, and social networks construct into their products. The company is also leading in Smartphone engineering science because they have strong product depth.Blackberry has durable products because they have high capacity battery, built-in QWERTY keyboard, stylish/ virile features, and unique operating system. Although Blackberry has its strengths, the company also has its weaknesses such as having its products used and/or created more toward busines s professionals than general consumers their lack of compatibility-not making decisions in a timely manner. There is also the possibility that Blackberry is in the mature phase. There also patent problems that they encounter.Their products lack in web gain and also have a problem with application-long loading time and does not turn on/restart quickly which makes it frustrating for its consumers that like for their phones to be faster. Blackberrys products also have lack of size and/or products because they dont have as much build as its competitors. Blackberry also lacks in social networking because it doesnt provide any enjoyment for other individuals and/or the younger generation, which is an entire consumer market that would be beneficial to Blackberry if theyre able to address this issue.There is also the problem of having a high cost of ownership which makes blackberry devices quite expensive. RIM has not created a new market scheme for its products that are closing the t echnological gap. Blackberry has the opportunity to expand its profits by further expanding into North America and into International markets and taking advantage of the availability of markets for new technology. The company can also consider entering into partnership with large growing corporations.Blackberrys customer commitment and their brand loyalty allows for an assurance in producing new products because they know that its consumers will loyal in purchasing those products as well. They need to take advantage of the industriousness explosive growing so that they can grow alongside the industrys demand for it products. The company can increase their growth rate and their power within the industry by expanding their target market by creating new appealing phones that include a variety of features that will attract new customers other than the business professionals that it currently appeals to.Blackberry can also take an opportunity by reaching out to iTunes to try and creat e software that will be compatible to its products since that is something that a softwood of consumers would really enjoy, and also by creating great products that include advanced technology. Blackberry faces some threats from the Apple iPhone, HTC, HP, Sony Ericsson, and Sony smart phones because they constantly have new products entering the market, they are strong within the industry, and this increasing rivalry may cause demand for products Blackberrys products to decrease.These competitors also have a greater span in technology and products which may cause consumers to see Blackberry as outdated when it comes to Smartphone technology. The economy also plays a role in Blackberry because some consumers are unable to afford the companys products and can therefore decrease its demand. They also face the problem of having a large demand for a ceding back product which may cause a lack of innovation when it comes to creating new products and having those products become successf ul.Since Blackberry is a reputable brand it has become the target of competition and has created price wars with third parties that make similar phones to the Blackberry and then sell those products at lower prices. SWOT Analysis for Blackberry Positive Negative InternalStrengths ? utmost brand awareness ?Reputation for value for money and convenience ?Strong market position ?Best E-mail/ Diversity device combination-organizer, internet,mp3 player, GPS, and social networks ? leading in Smartphone technology ?Strong product depth Durable ?High capacity battery ?Built-in QWERTY keyboard ?Stylish/Powerful features ?Unique operating systemWeakness ? have sex to be used /created more toward business processionals than general consumers ? Lack of compatibility-not making decisions in a timely manner ? Web service and application-long loading time ?Lack of size/products ?Possibly in mature phase ?Patent ?Does not turn on/restart quickly ?Social networking- no entertainment for other indiv iduals/younger generation ? High cost of ownership are quite expensive RIM has not created a new marketing strategy for its products that are closing the technological gap ExternalOpportunities ?Further expansion into North America & international markets ? Availability of markets for new technology ?Partnership with large growing corporations ?Customer loyalty- allows for a assurance in producing new products ? Industry explosive growth ?Brand loyalty ?Expand target market-new appealing phones with a variety of features that will attract new customers other than business professionals ? Still at growth rate/rising in power Software compatibility with iTunes ?Great product with advance technology Threats ?The Apple iPhone, HTC, HP, Sony Ericsson, and Sony smart phones ? New, strong, and increasing competition may cause demand for products to decrease ? Competitors have greater span in technology and products ? Possibly seen as outdated in Smartphone tech ?Economy environment ?Large demand for a niche product may cause lack of innovation ? Being a reputable brand makes blackberry the target of competition ? Price wars with third parties make similar phones to the blackberry and sell at a lower price

Death of a Salesman Critical insights Essay

In a 2003 interview with his biographer, messiahopher Bigsby, virtu in ally the inherent structure of his meets, fine arthur M sicker explained, Its all astir(predicate) the lyric poem (Bigsby, moth m mischanceer). milling machines declaration ab out(a)(a) the centrality of wording in the creation of drama came at the curiosity of his almost seventy-year c beer. He had completed his final piece of cake, Finishing the Picture, and a slender more than a year after, he became ill and subsequently died in February 2005. gum olibanum millers statement can be seen as a final avowal about how language operates in outstanding dialog, a concern that had obsessed him since the blend in of his carg unitaryr when he wrote his start play, No Villain, at the University of Michigan in 1935.Despite millers proclamation, non enough critical attention has been paid to the sophisticated utilize of language that pervades his dialogue. Throughout his c areer, milling machine often wa s subject to checks in which critics mostly excoriated him for what they judged as a failed riding habit of language in his plays. For example, in the Nation review of the original production of remainder of a Sales objet dart in 1949, Joseph timber Krutch criticized the play for its stroke to go beyond literal meaning and its undistinguished dialogue. Unlike Tennessee Williams, milling machine does not get hold of a unique sensibility, new insight, fresh imagination or a gift for language (283-84). In 1964, Ric gravely Gilman judged that after(prenominal)(prenominal) the Fall lacks structural focus and contains vague rhetoric. He concluded that milling machines verbal inadequacy has never been more flagrantly exhibited (6). John Simons sweet York review of the 1994 Broadway production of Broken supply opined that milling machines ultimate failure is his language Tone-deafness in a playwright is only a shade less bad than in a composer. In a June 2009 review of Christophe r Bigsbys authorise biography of moth miller, Terry Teachout judged that miller to a fault often made the mistake of using florid, pseudo- poetical language (72).These reviews decorate how, as a language stylist, Arthur milling machine was underappreciated, too often overshadowed by his modern-day Tennessee Williams, whose major(ip) forcefulness as a playwright for m whatever critics lies in the lyricism of his plays. As Arthur K. Oberg pointed out, In the established image, millers art is mascu grade and craggy Williams, poetic and delicate (303). Because Miller has so often been pigeonholed as a neighborly playwright, most of the criticism of his tempt focuses on the cultural relevance of his plays and ignores detailed discussions of his language peculiarly of its poetic elements. Most critics are content to regard his dialogue as colloquial, judging that Miller best used what Leonard Moss described as the earthy mans language (52) to reflect the social concerns of hi s char moveers. The assumption is often made that the manufacturers, salesmen, Puritan farmers, dockworkers, housewives, policemen, doctors, lawyers, executives, and bankers who compose the bulk of Millers characters speak a realistic prose dialoguea style that is implicitly antithetical to poetic language.This prevailing opinion of Miller as a dramatist who merely uses the common mans language has been reinforced generally by a lack of in-depth critical analyses of how poetic language works in his canon. In his November 1998 review of the Chicago run of the fiftieth anniversary production of oddment of a Salesman, Ben Brantley observe that, as youthful Miller scholarship has suggested again and again, the plays images and rhythms have the patterns of metrical composition (E3). In reality, though, relatively few critics have thoroughly examined this aspect not only of Salesman but also of Millers total dramatic canon.1 Thomas M. Tammaro judges that critical attention to Mill ers drama has been lured from schoolbookual matterbook readingual psychoanalysis to such non-textual concerns as biography and Miller as a social dramatist (10).2 Moreover, classroom discussions of Millers masterpieces end of a Salesman and The Crucible (1953) mostly focus on these biographical and social concerns in addition to characterization and thematic issues but rarely discuss language and dialogue. Five years after his passing, it is time to recognize that Arthur Miller created a unique dramatic idiom that undoubtedly marks him as significant language stylist within twentieth- and twenty- offshoot- centuryAmerican and world drama. More readers and critics should see his dialogue not exclusively as prose but also as meter, what Gordon W. Couchman has called Millers rare gift for the poetic in the colloquial (206).Although Miller seems to work mostly in a form of colloquial prose, in that location are many moments in his plays when the dialogue cl azoic elevates to po etry. Miller often takes what appear to be the colloquialisms, clichs, and idioms of the common mans language and reveals them as poetic language, especially by shifting words from their referent to connotative meanings. Moreover, he significantly employs the synecdochical devices of parable, symbol, and imagery to give poetic significance to prose dialect. In addition, in many texts Miller embeds series of metaphorsmany are protractedthat possess particular connotations within the societies of the exclusive plays. Most important, these metonymical devices significantly support the tragic contests and social themes that are the focus of every Miller play. By deftly mixing these synecdochic devices of symbolism, imagery, and metaphor with colloquial prose dialogue, Miller combines prose and poetry to create a unique dramatic idiom. Most critics, readers, and audiences seem to overlook this aspect of Millers work the poetry is in the prose and the prose is in the poetry.Indeed , poetic elements pervade most of Millers plays. For example, in both My Sons, spiritual allusions, symbols, and images place the themes of sacrifice and redemption in a Christian context. In closing of a Salesman, the extended metaphors of sports and directs convey Willy Lomans struggle to achieve the American Dream. In The Crucible, the poetic language illustrates the conflicts that polarize the capital of Or selfn community as a series of opposing imagesheat and cold, livid and black, light and dark, soft and hardsignify the Salemites dualistic view of the world. In A View from the Bridge, metaphors of purity and innocence give mythical importance to Eddie Carbones getledgeable, psychological, and moral struggles. afterwards the Fall uses extended metaphors of childhood and religion to support Quentins psychological quest for redemption. The Ride Down Mt. Morgan connects metaphors of transportation and travel to Lyman Felts literal and figurative fall, and Broken Glass u ses images of mirrors and glass to relatethe world of the European Jew at the beginning of the Holocaust to Sylvia and Phillip Gellburgs shattered sexual world.That most critics continue to fail to recognize Millers sophisticated use of poetic elements is striking, for it is this very facility for which many other playwrights are praised, and the narration of drama is intimately intertwined with the history of poetry. For most of Western dramatic history, plays were written in pen the ancient Greek playwrights of the fifth century b.c.e. composed their tragedies in a verse frequently accompanied by music the rhyming couplets of the Everyman dramatist were the de rigueur medieval form and incline Renaissance plays were poetic masterpieces. Shakespeares supremacy as a dramatist lies in his adaptation of the early modern English language into a dramatic dialogue that combines prose and poetry. For example, crossroadss quintessence of dust speech is lyrical prose. In the twentieth ce ntury, critics praised the verse plays of T. S. Eliot, Maxwell Ander tidings, Christopher Isherwood, and W. H. Auden. sluice more baffling about this critical neglect is that Miller readily acknowledged his attraction to poetry and dramatic verse. His views on language, particularly poetic language, are evident in the prodigious number of essays he produced throughout his career. comment has mostly ignored this large body of nonfiction paper in which Miller frequently expounds on the nature of language and dialogue, the tension amongst realistic prose and poetic language in twentieth-century drama, and the analyzable evolution of poetic language throughout his plays.3 For example, in his 1993 essay About plain run-in he writesIt was inevitable that I had to confront the problem of dramatic language. . . .I gradually came to wonder if the essential compress toward poetic dramatic languageif not of stylization itselfcame from the inclusion body of society as a major element in the plays story or vision. Manifestly, prose realism was the language of the individual and mystic deportment, poetry the language of man in crowds, in society. Put another way, prose is the language of family relations it is the inclusion of the larger world beyond that naturally opens a play to the poetic.. . . How to find a style that would at one and the equivalent time deeply engage an American audience, which insisted on a recognizable reality of characters, locales, and themes, while opening the stage to considerations of public morality and the mythic social fatesin short, the invisible? (82)* * *Millers attraction to poetic dramatic dialogue can be traced back to his development as a playwright, particularly his time as a student at the University of Michigan in the mid-1930s and the early years of his great achieveres in the 1940s and 1950s, when his views on dramatic form, structure, aesthetics, and language were evolving. Miller knew little about the dramatics when he arrived in Ann Arbor from his home in Brooklyn, but during these formative college years, he became sensible of German expressionism, and he read August Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen, whom he often acknowledged as major influences on him. Christopher Bigsby has pointed out that Miller always remembered the effect that reading Greek and Elizabethan playwrights at college had on him (Critical contain 419). However, Miller was markedly affected by the social-protest work of Clifford Odets. In his autobiography, Timebends (1987), Miller describes how Odetss 1930s plays wait for Lefty (1935), Awake and Sing (1935), and Golden boy (1937) had sprung forth a new phenomenon, a left challenge to the system, the poet suddenly leaping onto the stage and disposing of middle-class gentility, screaming and yelling and cursing like approximatelyone off the Manhattan streets (229). Most important for Miller, Odets brought to American drama a concern for language For the very first time in A merica, language itself had marked a playwright as unique (229). To Miller, Odets was The only poet, I thought, not only in the social protest sign, but in all of in the altogether York (212).After Miller won his first Avery Hopwood Award at Michigan, he was sent to Professor Kenneth Rowe, whose chief voice to Millers development was cultivating his interest in the dynamics of play construction. Odets and Rowe clearly were considerably sozzled influences on Miller as he developedhis concern with language and his form broke out of what he termed the dusty naturalistic habit (Timebends 228) of Broadway, but other influences would also compel him to write dramatic verse. The work of Thornton Wilder, particularly Our Town (1938), spoke to him, and in Timebends Miller acknowledges that Our Town was the nearest of the 1930s plays in reaching for lyricism (229). Tennessee Williams is another playwright whom Miller frequently credited with influencing his art and the craft of his langua ge. He credited the newness of The Glass Menagerie (1944) to the plays poetic lift (Timebends 244) and was particularly struck by A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), proclaiming that Williams had given him license to speak in dramatic language at full throat (Timebends 182).Moreover, Miller practiced what he had learned and espoused. In fact, he reported that when he was first beginning his career he was up to his neck in writing many of his untrimmed and radio plays in verse ( question 98). When he graduated from Michigan and started his work with the Federal field Project in 1938, he wrote The Golden Years, a verse play about Montezuma. In a letter to Professor Rowe, he reported that he found writing verse ofttimes easier than writing prose I made the discovery that in verse you are forced to be brief and to the point. compose squeezes out fat and youre left with the real meaning of the language (Bigsby, Arthur Miller 155). Also, he explained that much of Death of a Salesman and all of The Crucible were originally written in verse the one-act version of A View from the Bridge (1955) was written in an intriguing mixture of verse and prose, and Miller regretted his failure to do the same in The American Clock (1980) (Bigsby, Critical door 136).However, Miller found an American theater hostile to the poetic form. Miller himself pointed out that the United States had no tradition of dramatic verse (Interview 98) as compared to Europe. In the 1930s, Maxwell Anderson was one of the few American playwrights incorporating blank verse into his plays, and the English theater witnessed several(prenominal) interest in poetic drama in the 1940s and 1950s, most notably with Christopher fry and T. S. Eliot. In reality, dramatic verse had been in sharp decline since the late nineteenth century, when the realistic prose dialogue used by Henrik Ibsen in Norwaywas adopted by George Bernard Shaw in England and then later employed by Eugene ONeill in the United States. Mill er also judged that American actors had difficulty speaking the verse line (Interview 98). Further, Miller came of age at a time when American audiences were demanding realism, the musical comedy was gaining in dominance, and commercial Broadway producers were disinterested in verse drama.Christopher Bigsby has pointed out that Miller was in his own mind, an essentially poetic, deeply metaphoric writer who had found himself in a theater resistant to such, particularly on Broadway, which he continued to think of as his natural home, despite its many deficiencies (Critical Study 358). Struggling with how to accept this reality, Miller accommodated his natural inclination to verse by developing a dramatic idiom that reconciled his poetic urge with the realism demanded by the aesthetics of the American stage. Thus he infused poetic language into his prose dialogue.* * *lets examine how some of these poetic devicessymbolism, imagery, and metaphor operate in Millers masterpiece, Death of a Salesman. From the outset of the play, Miller makes trees and sports into metaphors signifying Willy Lomans struggle to achieve the American Dream within the warlike American strain world. Trees symbolize Willys dreams, sports the contestation for stintingal success.4 Miller sustains these metaphors throughout the entire text with images of pugilism, burning, wood, nature, and fighting to make them into crucial merge structures. In addition, Millers predilection for juxtaposing the literal and figurative meanings of words is particularly evident in Salesman as the abstract concepts of competition and dreaming are vivified by concrete objects and actions such as boxing, fists, lumber, and ashes.Trees are an excellent illustration of how Miller uses literal and figurative meanings. ii references in act 1, word picture 1, immediately establish their importance in the play. When Willy unexpectedly arrives home, he explains that he was unable to drive to Portland for his sales call because he keptbecoming absorbed in the countryside scenery, where the trees are so thick, and the sun is warm (14). Although these trees merely seem to distract Willy from driving, he also indicates their connection to dreaming. He tells Linda I absolutely forgot I was driving. If Idve gone the other way over the white line I mightve killed somebody. So I went on againand louver minutes later Im dreamin again (14). Willys inability to concentrate on driving indicates an emotional conflict larger than mere daydreaming. The play reveals how Willy often exists in dreams rather than realitydreams of being well liked, of success for his son sluggard, of his imaginings. All of these dreams intimately connect to Willys confrontation with his failure to achieve the tangible aspects of the American Dream. He is a traveling salesman, and his inability to drive symbolizes his inability to sell, which guarantees that he willing fail in the competition to be a hot-shot salesman. The a ction of the play depicts the last day of Willys life and how Willy is increasingly escaping the reality of his failure in reveries of the early(prenominal), to the point where he often cannot differentiate between reality and illusion.The repeating of the mention of trees in Willys second speech in scene 1 cements the importance of trees in the play as a metaphor for these dreams. He complains to Linda about the apartment houses surrounding the Loman home They shouldve had a law against apartment houses. Remember those two pretty elm trees out there? When lick and I hung the swing between them? (17). However, these trees are not the trees of the real time of the play rather, they exist in Willys past and, more important, in the imaginings of his mind, the place where the more important dramatic action of the play takes place.Millers workings title for Death of a Salesman was The Inside of His Head, and sure Willys longing for the trees of the past illustrates how dreaming wo rks in his mind. Throughout the entire play, treesand all the other images connected to themare composite symbols of an idyllic past for which Willy longs in his dreams, a world where lagger and croak are young, where Willy can trust himself a hot-shot salesman, where Brooklyn seems an unspoiled wilderness. The irony is that, in reality, the past was not as idyllic as Willy recalls, and the play gradually unfolds the reality ofWillys failures. The metaphor of trees also supports Willys unresolved struggle with his son Biff. Willys memory of Biff and himself hanging a hammock between the elms is ironic as the two beautiful trees absence in the present symbolizes Willys failed dreams for Biff.Throughout the play, Miller significantly expands upon the figurative meaning of trees. For example, in act 1, scene 4, Willy moves to kick the buckets claims that he will anesthetise Willy for life by remarkingYoull retire me for life on seventy goddam dollars a week? And your women and y our car and your apartment, and youll retire me for life Christs sake I couldnt imbibe past Yonkers today Where are you guys, where are you? The forest are burning I cant drive a car (41)Willys example that the woods are burning extends the tree metaphor by introducing an important sense of destruction to the trees of Willys idyllic world of the past. Since the trees are so identified with Willys dreams, the image implies that his dreams are burning toohis dreams for himself as a successful salesman and his dreams for Biff and Hap. The images of burning and destruction are crucial in the play, especially when Linda reveals Willys suicide attemptshis own form of destruction, which he enacts at plays end. We realize that since Willy is so associated with his dreams, he will die when they burn. In fact, Willy repeats this same exact line in act 2 when he arrives at candids Chop star sign and announces his firing to Hap and Biff. He says Im not interested in stories about the past or any crap of that physique because the woods are burning, boys, you understand? Theres a big blaze release on all around. I was fired today (107). This line not only repeats Willys warning utter from act 1 but also foreshadows Biffs climactic plea to Willy to take that faux dream and burn it (133). The burning metaphornow ironicalso appears in Willys imagining in the Boston hotel room. As Willy continues to ignore Biffs eruption on the door, the woman says, Maybe the hotels on fire. Willy replies, Its a mistake, theres no fire (116). Of course, nothing is threatened by a literal fireonly by the figurative blaze inside Willys head. erst aware of how tree images operate in the play, a reader (or keen theatergoer) can note the commotion of other references that sustain the metaphor in other scenes. For example, Willy wants Biff to help trim the tree ca-ca-go that threatens to fall on the Loman house Biff and Hap steal lumber Willy plaintively remembers his father press cuttin g flutes Willy tells Ben that Biff can fell trees Willy mocks Biff for wanting to be a carpenter and similarly mocks Charley and his son Bernard because they cant hammer a nail Ben buys timberland in Alaska Biff burns his sneakers in the furnace Willy speculates about his need for a little lumber (72) to build a guest house for the boys when they get married Willy is proud of weathering a twenty-five-year mortgage with all the cement, the lumber (74) he has put into the house Willy explains to Ben that I am building something with this firm, something you cant feel . . . with your hand like timber (86). Finally, there are the leaves of day appearing over everything in the graveyard in Requiem (136).Miller similarly uses boxing in literal and figurative ways throughout the play. In act 1, scene 2, Biff suggests to Hap that they buy a ranch to use our muscles. Men built like we are should be working out in the open (24). Hap responds to Biff with the first sports reference in the text Thats what I dream about, Biff. Sometimes I want to bonnie rip my garments off in the middle of the insert and outbox that goddam merchandise manager. I mean I can outbox, outrun, and outlift anybody in that store (24). As an athlete, Biff, it seems, should introduce the sports metaphor, but, ironically, the sport with which he is identifiedfootballis not used in any extensive metaphoric way in the play.5 Instead, boxing becomes the extended sports metaphor of the text, and it is not introduced by Biff but rather by Hap, who reinforces it throughout the play to show how Willy has prepared him and Biff only for sensible competition, not business or economic competition. Thus Hap expresses his frustration at being a second-rate worker by stressing his forcible superiority over his managers. Unable to win in economic competition, he longs to beat his coworkers in a carnal mates, and it is this contrast between economic and physical competition that intensifies the dramatic inte rplay between the literal and the figurative language of the play.In fact, the very competitiveness of the American economic system in which Willy and Hap work, and that Biff hates, is reproduciblely put on physical terms in the play. A failure in the competitive workplace, Hap uses the metaphor of physical competitionboxing man to manyet the play details how Hap was considered less physically impressive than Biff when the two were boys. As an adult, Hap competes in the only physical competition he can winsex. He even uses the imagery of rivalry when talking about his sexual conquests of the store managers girlfriends Maybe I just have an overdeveloped sense of competition or something (25). Perhaps knowing that they cannot win, the Lomans resort to a significant totality of cheating in competition Willy condones Biffs theft of a football, Biff cheats on his exams, Hap takes bribes, and Willy cheats on Linda. All of this cheating signifies the Lomans moral failings as well.The box ing metaphor also illustrates the contrast between Biff and Hap. Boxing as a sports metaphor is quite different from the expected football metaphor a boxer relies completely on personal physical strength while fighting a single opponent, whereas in football, a team sport, the players rely on group effort and group tactics. Thus the difference between Biff and HapHap as evoker of the boxing metaphor and Biff as a player of a team sportis emphasized throughout the text. Moreover, the action of the play relies on the clash of dreams between Biff and Willy. Biff is Willys favorite son, and Willys own dreams and disappointments are trussed to him. Yet Hap, the second-rate son, the second-rate physical specimen, the second-rate worker, is the son who is most like Willy in profession, braggadocio, and sexual swagger. Ultimately, at the plays end, in Requiem, the boxing metaphor ironically points out Haps significance as the actual competitor for Willys dream, for he decides to stay in the city because Willy fought it out here and this is where Im gonna win it for him (139).Biffs boxing contrasts sharply with Haps. For example, Biff ironically performs a literal boxing competition with Ben, which juxtaposes with the figurative competition of the play. The boxing reinforces the emphasis thathas been dictated on Biff as the most physically prepared specimen of the boys. Yet Biff is frustrated by Ben in reality he is ill prepared to fight a boxing match because it is a man-to-man competition, unlike football, the team sport at which he excelled. He is especially ill prepared for Uncle Bens kind of boxing match because it is not a fair match conducted on a level playing field. As Ben says Never fight fair with a stranger, boy. Youll never get out of the jungle that way (49). Thus the literal act of boxing possesses figurative significance. Willy has not knowledgeable Biff (or, by extension, Hap) for any fightfair or unfairin the larger figurative jungle of the play th e workplace of the American economic system.Willy, too, uses a significant amount of boxing imagery, much of it quite violent. In the first imagining in act 1, Biff asks Willy about his recent sales trip, Did you beg them dead, Pop? and Willy responds, Knocked em cold in Providence, slaughtered em in Boston (33) when he relates to Linda how another salesman at F. H. Stewarts insulted him, Willy claims he cracked him right across the face (37), the same physical threat that he will later make against Charley in act 2 on the day of the Ebbets Field game. Willy wants to box Charley, contest him, Put up your hands. Goddam you, put up your hands (68). Willy also says, Im gonna knock Howard for a loop (74). Willy uses these violent physical terms against men he perceives as challengers and competitors.As with the tree metaphor, this one is sustained throughout the scenes with a plethora of boxing references a punching bag is inscribed with cistron Tunneys name Hap challenges Bernard to box Willy explains to Linda that the boys gathered in the cellar obey Biff because, Well, thats the training, the training Biff feebly attempts to box with Uncle Ben Bernard remarks to Willy that Biff never trained himself for anything (92) Charley cheers on his son with a Knock em dead, Bernard (95) as Bernard leaves to argue a case in front of the Supreme judicial system Willy, expressing to Bernard his frustration that Biff has done nothing with his life, says, Why did he lay down? (93). This last boxing reference, associated with taking a dive, is a remarkably imagistic way of describing how Biff initially cutdown his life out of spite after discovering Willys infidelity.* * *Miller also uses images, symbols, and metaphors as central or unifying devices by employing repetition and recurrenceone of the central tenets of so-called cluster criticism, which was pioneered in the 1930s and 1940s.6 In short, cluster criticism argues that the deliberate repetition of words, images, s ymbols, and metaphors contributes to the unity of the work just as significantly as do plot, character, and theme. These clusters of words can operate both literally and figuratively in a textas I. A. Richards notes in The Philosophy of Rhetoricand, therefore, contribute significantly to the overall aesthetic and thematic impact. For example, in Arthur Miller, Dramatist, Edward Murray traces word repetition in The Crucible, examining how Miller, in a very subtle manner, uses key words to gather together the texture of action and theme. He notes, for example, the recurrent use of the word soft in the text (64). My own previous work on The Crucible has examined how the tenfold repetition of the word weight supports one of the plays crucial themes how an individuals struggle for truth often conflicts with society.Lets examine an intriguing example of word repetition from Death of a Salesman.7 The words paint and ikon appear five significant times in the play. The first is a literal u se at the end of act 1, Willy tells Biff during their argument, If you get tired of hanging around tomorrow, paint the ceiling I put up in the living room (45). This line echoes Willys previous mockery of Charley for not knowing how to put up a ceiling A man who cant deal out tools is not a man (30). In both instances, Willy is asserting his superiority on the basis of his physical prowess, a point that is consistently emphasized in the play.The second time paint appears is in act 2, when Biff and Hap abandon Willy in stark(a)s Chop House to leave with Letta and neglect Forsythe. Hap says to Letta No, thats not my father. Hes just a guy. Come on, well catch Biff, and lamb were going to paint this town (91). Of course in thisline Miller uses the clich Paint the town red for its well-known meaning of having a wild night of partying and dissolutionalthough it is notable that Miller uses a truncated form of the phrase. Nevertheless, here the clich takes on new significance in the c ontext of the play. Willy defines masculinity by painting a ceiling, but Hap defines it by painting the town with sexual debauchery and revelry, lording his physical superiority and his sexual conquests over other men.The third, fourth, and fifth repetitions occur in act 2 during the imagining in the hotel room when Biff discovers Willy with the woman. When the woman comes out of the bathroom, Willy says Ahyou better go back to your room. They must be immaculate painting by now. Theyre painting her room so I let her take a shower here (119). When she leaves, Willy attempts to convince Biff that she lives down the halltheyre painting. You dont ideate (120). Here, painting is simultaneously literal and metaphorical because of its previous usage in the playbut with a high degree of irony. Willys feeble explanation that send away Franciss room is literally being painted is a cover-up for the reality that Willy himself has painted the town in Boston. Biff discovers that Willys man is defined by sexual infidelityultimately defining him as a phony little fake.* * *Another relatively unexplored aspect of Millers language is the call of his characters. Miller chooses his characters name calling for their metaphorical associations in most of his dramatic canon. Justin Kaplan and Anne Bernayss 1997 text The Language of Names revived some interest in this technique, which is known as literary onomastics and is considered a somewhat minor part of contemporary literary criticism. Kaplan and Bernays examine the connotative value of names that function in texts as symbolic, metaphoric, or allegorical discourse (175). Although some scholars have discussed the use of this technique in individual Miller plays, most readers well-known(prenominal) with the body of Millers work notice how consistently he chooses the names of his characters to create symbols, irony, and points of contrast.For example, readers and critics who are familiar only with Death of a Salesman among Mill ers works have long noted that Willys last name literally marks him as a low man, although Miller himself chuckled at the overemphasis placed on this pun. He actually derived the name from a movie he had seen, The Testament of Dr. Mabuse, in which a completely mad character at the end of the film screams, Lohman, Lohman, get me Lohman (Timebends 177-79). To Miller, the mans cry signified the hysteria he wanted to create in his salesman, Willy Loman. Many critics also have noted the significance of the name of Dave Singleman, the eighty-year-old salesman who stands alone as Willys ideal.Despite Millers consistent downplaying in interviews of the significance of his characters names, an examination of his technique reveals how extensively he connects his characters names to the larger social issues at the core of every play. For example, the last name of All My Sons Joe Keller, who manufactures faulty airplane parts and is indirectly answerable for the deaths of twenty-one pilots, re sembles killer. In previous work on the play, I have noted the comparison of the Kellers to the consecrated Family, and how, therefore, the names of Joe and his son, Chris, take on religious significance. Susan C. W. Abbotson has noted how the first name of The Ride Down Mt. Morgans Lyman Felt suggests the lying he has lived out. She also has analyzed the similarities between Loman and Lyman, and has argued that Lyman is a kind of alter ego to Willy some forty years later. Frank Ardolino has also examined how Miller employs Egyptian mythology in naming and portrait Hap (Mythological).An intriguing feature of Millers use of names is his repetition of the same name, or form of the same name, in his plays. It is striking how in Salesman Miller uses the name Frank, or variations of it, five times for five different characters, a highly unusual occurrence.8 In act 1, during Willys first imagining, when Linda complains to Biff that there is a cellar full of boys in the Loman house who d o not know what to do with themselves, Frank is one of the boys whom Biff gets to clean up the furnace room. Not long after, at the end of the imagining, Frank is the name of the mechanic who fixes the carburetor of Willys Chevrolet. In act 2, in the moving scene in whichHoward effectively fires Willy and Willy is left alone in the office, Willy cries out three times for Frank, apparently Howards father and the original owner of the company, who, Willy claims, asked Willy to name Howard. Willy also meets the boys in Franks Chop House and, in the crucial discovery scene in the Boston hotel room, Willy introduces the woman to Biff as ignore Francis, Frank often being a nickname for Francis.There are significant figurative uses of Frank too, for, although the word means honest or candid, all of the Franks in Salesman are clearly associated with work that is not completely honest. Biff uses the boy Frank and his companions to clean the furnace room and hang up the washchores that he sh ould be doing himself. Willy somewhat questions the repair job that the mechanic Frank does on that goddam Chevrolet. Despite Willys idolizing of his boss, Frank Wagner, Linda indicates that Frank, perhaps, promised Willy a partnership as a member of the firm, a promise that kept Willy from association Ben in Alaska and that was never made good on by either Frank or his son, Howard. shake off Francis promises to put Willy through to the buyers in exchange for stockings and her sexual favors, but it is uncertain whether she holds up her end of the deal, since Willy certainly has never been a hot-shot salesman. And, of course, Franks Chop House is the place where Stanley tells Hap that the boss, presumably Frank, is going crazy over the leak in the cash register. Thus Miller clearly uses the name Frank with a high degree of irony, an important aspect of his use of figurative language in his canon. Of course, all this business dishonesty emphasizes how Salesman challenges the integri ty of the American work ethic.Millers careful selection of names shows that he perhaps considered the names of his characters as part of each plays network of figurative language. As Kaplan and Bernays note, Names of characters . . . convey what their creators may already know and feel about them and how they want their readers to respond (174). Thus, in his choice of names, Arthur Miller may very well be manipulating his audience before the chimneypiece rises, as they sit and read the cast of characters in their playbills.Finally, being aware of Millers use of poetic language is crucial forhowever we encounter his playsas readers who analyze drama as text or as audience members in tune with the sound of the dialogue. It is, indeed, all about the languagethe language we read in the text and the language we hear on the stage.Notes1. Although some critics have examined Millers colloquial prose, only a few have conducted studies of how poetic devices work in his dialogue. Leonard Moss , in his book-length discipline Arthur Miller, analyzes Millers language in a chapter on Death of a Salesman, a portion of which is titled Verbal and Symbolic Technique. In an article titled Death of a Salesman and Arthur Millers Search for Style, Arthur K. Oberg considers Millers struggle with establishing a dramatic idiom. Oberg judges that Miller ultimately arrives at something that approaches an American idiom to the extent that it exposes a colloquialism characterized by unusual image, spurious lyricism, and closemouthed-ended clich (305). He concludes that the plays text, although far from bad poetry, tellingly moves toward the status of poetry without ever getting there (310-11). My 2002 work A Language Study of Arthur Millers Plays The poetical in the Colloquial traces Millers consistent use of figurative language from All My Sons to Broken Glass.In other studies discussing individual plays, some critics have noted poetic nuances in Millers language. In Setting, Language , and the Force of Evil in The Crucible, Penelope Curtis maintains that the language of the play is marked by what she calls half-metaphor (69), which Miller employs to suggest the plays themes. In an article published in Notes on Contemporary Literature, John D. Engle explains the metaphor of law used by the lawyer Quentin in After the Fall. natural lawrence Rosinger, in a brief Explicator article, traces the metaphors of royalty that appear in Death of a Salesman.2. Thomas M. Tammaro also points out that the diminished prestige of language studies since the height of New Criticism may account for the lack of a sustained examination of imagery and symbolism in Millers work. Moreover, Tammaro notes that Millers plays were not subjected to New Critical theoryeven when language studies were big(a) (10). In his new authorized biography Arthur Miller 1915-1962, Christopher Bigsby clearly recognizes Millers attempts to write verse drama, but this work is largely a critical biography and cultural study, not a close textual analysis.3. Most notable among these works are the following The Family in Modern Drama, which first appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in 1956 On Social Plays, which appeared as the original introduction to the one-act edition of A View from the Bridge and A Memory of ii Mondays the introduction to his 1957 Collected Plays The American Writer The American Theater, first published in the Michigan Quarterly Review in 1982 On Screenwriting and Language Introduction to Everybody Wins, first published in 1990 his 1993 essay About sign of the zodiac Language, which first appeared as an afterword to the published edition of The Last Yankee and his March 1999 Harpers article On Broadway Notes on the Past and coming(prenominal) of American Theater.4. For a more detailed discussion of these metaphors, see Death of a Salesman Unlocking the Rhetoric of Poetic Power in my 2002 volume A Language Study of Arthur Millers Plays. Also, in computing Our Past and Present in Wood Wood Imagery in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, Will Smith traces what he describes as a wood trope in the plays.5. When Biff discovers Willy with the woman in the hotel room in act 2, she refers to herself as a football (119-20) to indicate her offend treatment by Willy and, perhaps, all men.6. Frederick Charles Kolbe, Caroline F. E. Spurgeon, and Kenneth Burke pioneered much of this criticism. For example, Spurgeon did groundbreaking work in discovering the clothes imagery and the image of the babe in Macbeth. Kenneth Burke, in The Philosophy of Literary Form, examines Clifford Odetss Golden Boy as a play that uses language clusters, particularly the images of the prizefight and the violin, that operate both literally and symbolically in the text (33-35).7. In his work Arthur Miller, Leonard Moss details the frequent repetitions of words in the text, such as man, boy, and kid. He notes that forms of the verb make occur forty-five times in thi rty-three different usages, ranging from Standard English to slang expressions, among them make mountains out of molehills, makin a hit, makin my future, make me laugh, and make a train. He also notes the nine-time repetition of make money (48). Moss connects these expressions to Millers thematic intention illustrating how the American work ethic dominates Willys life.8. In Im Not a Dime a Dozen I Am Willy Loman The Significance of Names and Numbers in Death of a Salesman, Frank Ardolino takes a mainly psychological approach to the language of the play. He maintains that Millers system of onomastic and numerical images and echoes forms a complex network which delineates Willys insanity and its effects on his family and job (174). Ardolino explains that the name imagery reveals Biffs and Willys failures. He sees the repetition of Frank as part of Millers use of geographical, personal, and business names that often begin with B, F, P, or S. Thus the names beginning with F convey a con flict between benevolence and protection on the one hand and dismissal and degradation on the other (177). Benevolent Franks are Willys boss, the boy Frank who cleans up, and the repairman Frank. Degrading Franks are Miss Francis and Franks Chop House, which contains the literal and psychological toilet where Willy has his climactic imagining of the hotel room in Boston. full treatment CitedAbbotson, Susan C. W. From Loman to Lyman The Salesman Forty Years On. The Salesman Has a Birthday Essays Celebrating the Fiftieth Anniversary of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. Ed. Stephen A. Marino. Lanham, MD University Press of America, 2000.Ardolino, Frank. Im Not a Dime a Dozen I Am Willy Loman The Significance of Names and Numbers in Death of a Salesman. 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