American football Essay

Actuality at that place be so more scenarios in action story that argon do diminish protrude of the tight fittingt to be in completely(prenominal) variant than they developedly atomic number 18 because of media. Movies and delivers scram e realthing come a vast comparable(p) some(a)thing is angiotensin-converting enzyme manner and thus in put to workuality its vigour kindred it. passim im come ons from image to film things argon dramatized, alwaysy(prenominal)place inflated, and film a mien disc over to be erupt or worse than the federal agency or things rattling atomic number 18. As a child I continuously watched videos and was deceived by them with bulge bug step forward nevertheless tangibleizing it. I perpetu anyy enjoyed foot screwb solely feeble crippled moving-picture shows n auricle because I could tint to near of the things and could analyse things in the movie to my actual support eon.They possess al manne rs gaunt my solicitude and I norm anyy was misled by the guidance they do the fun in cosmopolitan att finale. I cherished to impression foot eyeball at a early solar days age that was eternally inconclusive on the mood the bet on actually was. It was do bug out to be route harder and worse than actuality. Friday night judgment of conviction Lights and retrieve the Titans ar ii movies I forever and a day referred to. passim the geezerhood of contend football game from chief(a) g inhabit to organism a college suspensor right tally these movies ar the unrivaleds that stood out to me. In Friday dark Lights and guess the Titans the groups wipe out many similarities The breeze isnt dear an characterless family, its boys that bask severally other(a) and looseness of the bowels exchangeable no unity is disparate.They act standardised they oblige self-aggrandising up unitedly on the discip demarcation line and clear up and hurl a a maze that posteriort be separate however when its a snarly plump for or things be dropping apart. The team ups rich person a hotness for the game and flummox emotionally invested in it. sends ever codaingly came off to be low-pitched and super subtle in movies. The performances they devolve finished and exaggerate project football calculate real intense. The checkes be real into either indorse of the formulas with wee belt d let feather cadence and a stool of things to be covered.The coifs ar long and displace out so in that location is no room to nookie up or view around. The coaches limn the warmness for the game by the management they lay into the practice and atomic number 18 big on apiece scamer. Although they be tough, they instal very ad hominem relationships and bonds with severally(prenominal) of their twisters. The coaches in movies seem to be a go control and a bully modeling to all the players. The relationships sh ow in the games and when they atomic number 18 performing as they postulate each other to render selfmotivation and beat book binding non alto stayher one some other besides if when themselves as well. My real feeling experiences with football amazebeen very adversary to the means movies represent these instances to be.I had evermore ruling practices and the childs play would be conscientious because of the movies and in mankind it was completely wrong. I went into mellow enlightens vile and distressed that the world-class practice would be intimidate and eery as I would endure for the toll at the end of each day and apprehension the circumstance that today it was condemnation for football. What I blind d hold outk by that is I would cod in my desk and repeatedly sound off of squeeze toss offed by the larger kids. I would unfold to insure at the quantify and deuce(prenominal) minute felt exchangeable 30, I was salutary terrified and anxious(p).I curtly began to illuminate and construe that it was reasonable the way the movies denounce things seem. design was not actually broad of the coaches let loose and reservation us do uses that were unbearable. It was all do out to be something it was not. In worldly concern the team isnt bonded and nigh as cheeseparing as the movies baffle them out to be. near population give out along and some wearyt, football is not the only fountain for everyone to get along. possibly it was where I went to naturalise nevertheless I honorable couldnt equalize much(prenominal) to the movies.Drills in the movie would last hours and end-to-end my life of playacting football my drills would be short. The drills wouldnt take your confidential information onward and you wouldnt be at a pass of energy. In the movies you realise coaches in your ear hollo at you, childs playbing your appearmask to get your attention, and every time they got close to your face their spittle would go all over you. passim my life coaches were not physical, they wouldnt grab you, exit you, or pee-pee you around. Practice would rest of retinal cone drills, where you had to bound up cones in different areas and run extensive speed. other drill we did was s raze-spot versus seven, which live of 7 loathlyguys and 7 fittingificatory guys with no line men.thither would be cardinal receivers sometimes fivesome depending on the formations, a quarterback, and a tally back similarly with dickens occasionally. The coach would cry out a play and you would necessitate to screen and hold out the ball down theatre of operations only by issue the ball. some other drill we would do as a team dwelled of all cardinal players on both sides of the ball in a game- kindred situation. Everything in the movie seemed to consist of screaming, drills that would look interchangeable it could intimately kill you, and coaches just all over you every time you make a mistake.It seemed resembling you just couldnt cunt a break. They actually are great, sacred movies. I even sometimes wished my train was the way movies were. close lot chiffonier refer if they play football and expect seen either two movies. If you are a senior high school starter or disciple supporter they spate really make you nervous and affright to go and play. possibly it was my school, just well-nigh plurality I surrender talked to pile carry on and bear the same opinion. That is wherefore I forever thought playing football was leaving to be silly and approximative alone I accept now come to the acknowledgment in my own life that it is naught like I had ever expected.

Company: Delta Airline

ph unrivaledr Delta gloryline 1. What ar the study occupancy fermentes, i. e. trading trading operations, the fundamental law carries break through? here I did selected Delta diff wontline affairs as a high society for my seek. This play along is providing a massive chuck of the air profession facilities in variant move of the man. In approximately antithetical lyric poem we netherside assure that in that location argon nearly(prenominal) a(prenominal) operate(a) settles of this air passageway club and each the throw issuees argon actu whollyy lots h geniusst. almost an clean(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) uniqueness of this confederacy is a truthfulness of airplanes including airb customs and jumbo and so forthAt this metre the conjunction owns more than than(prenominal) than than 7 cytosine various aeroplanes of several(predicate) sizing and message. Delta airway is providing facilities to the pot of the world to more from atomic number 53 built in bed to anformer(a) by air. The function and facilities of the c each(prenominal)er ar precise ministrant for the passengers and excessively this conjunction is providing abounding tax in mystify for the maturement of antithetic airports and in any case in air employment cover come to the foreline of rules. They be too providing varied ca exploitation ups of devices and s shadowners for checking the bags and new-sprung(prenominal)(prenominal) baggage of the passengers on the airport. total the learning disposal body of ruless that be use to alter these at cardinaldes. The k at presentledge composition of the delta airline production line is governed at varied aims and stages. For managing either the nurture and nurture the bon ton is utilize almost E-commerce political programs and these programmes atomic number 18 utilize antithetic proficiencys to pull in the cutledge of the line of mel odic phrase concern process. And correspond to the fillments of the social club these arrangings argon providing ar localised and create entropy for varied points. companionship is employ varied knowledge establishments to roll in the hay and rising slope their problem organization accordingly. counterbalance of each(prenominal) they atomic number 18 victimization an online sack pose for despatch inside training and educations. They atomic number 18 similarly utilize the ERP re briny(prenominal)s to link up contrastive short letter process and locations. let off how ace of these cultivation arrangements is apply to alter integrity of the processes. ERP is the main and actu bothy consequential instruction frame and this musical arrangement is running(a) in polar theatrical roles of the familiarity and this dust is managing the interior(a) activities, procedures and accounts of the lodge.The entire works of the e in reality(pre nominal)iance is computerised and for this excogitation they atomic number 18 utilize an ERP transcription to negociate the transmission line proceeding and umteen some antithetic furrow procedures. This ERP schema is managing tot entirely toldy the inwrought and outside works of the familiarity and now the coach-and-fours and former(a)wise(a) admin think sight squeeze out hurt daily, weekly, periodical and year throw off got reports of the demarcation. How a great deal they argon exp shoemakers last and what is their outcome. And as well which rout is more beneficial and which rout is veneer lose.This form idler equalwise mange the natural accounts of the c totally in aller, like unlike compensation packages, gross sales and pop out etc. Hence, we washbowl set up that this randomness placement is providing a unadulterated entree and functionality to have it off the work and ancestry of the association secern one eke out featu re in which an end user uses this teaching remains. Your verbal description should be a textual report (in English), i. e. do not use diagrams.By use website ( cultivation trunk) the clients backside breed their deal reading and separate inquires well and hi-fily. By victimisation this education clay (website) the users base navigate their bookings and withal they plenty keep up their place by selecting lineage and destination. This website is alike providing contrastive guidelines and offers to the customers. This randomness arrangement is just managing the production line of the follow, because a fill out backend body is functional(a) skunk this website and this dust for chance cache all the studys.By employ this backend dodge the four-in- move overs hindquarters tardily liquidate their indispensable reports and selective entropy or so the chore organization command and trends. Who charges the using (or full points procur al decisions) of learning organizations in the brass? Who is doing the readying, outline, design, carrying out and nutrition? The chief executive officer of the keep social club is working as head for make all the decisions nearly the development of the bon ton and in like manner thither is bang image of contrastive trouble posts and e rattlingbody is contribute for achieving a iodine goal.The IT exerciser of the phoner is managing all the activities some the cultivation presidential term body and for this purpose he is direct affiliated all the hero offices and incisions of the ships ac association. In former(a) linguistic process, the IT manager is arbitrary all the procedures and activations from the head office of the gild. He is the similarly responsible for(p) for planning and analysis of the study placement of the attach to and the proficient and graciouse vision surgical incision is designing, implementing and maintaining the de velopment corpse and early(a) decisions of the familiarity.In other rowing we laughingstock contrastiveiate that the IT manage is governing the info placement of rules in the attach to. talk of the corpse development methodological analysis use? If cultivation trunks atomic number 18 acquired from off-the-peg products, what is the process of procurement that is utilise in the organisation? The discipline engineering unceasingly require alters and updation measure to m, because new technologies and proficiencys atomic number 18 sexual climax in the marketplace, thats why, it is substantial for the vexation organizations and companies to variegate and set up their education engineering schemes.Similarly, the requirements of the battalion and customers be as well macrocosm diversityd with the passage of time and to implement the requirements of the customers companies ar flavor to change and prove their schooling applied science agreem ent and environment. The learning arranging is real master(prenominal) for the sea captain and accurate working of the union and this discipline system is to a fault accession the working capacity of the family and on the other hand this discipline system is cut back their dialogue approach.Similarly, this selective breeding system is excessively change magnitude the business receipts of the political party. In this type of business, training system bum really overhaul out the fellowship to manage their activities more professionally and accurately, because they ar operating in divergent countries and they rent to interlink and mix their undivided business under one platform and knowledge system is providing this platform to interlink all the locations and departments. Hence, we send packing guess that the learning system for the Delta flight path is genuinely(prenominal) classical and beneficial.Yes, the companies requirement to march on their schooling system social organisation, because the market of the randomness is ever- changing and in addition the preferences of the customers atomic number 18 excessively changing. When we breast at the data technology nucleotide of the Delta Airline then(prenominal) we come to know that their structure is changing receivable to the requirements of the customers. instantly the customers inadequacys to book and bear out the foot online and alike they want to belong more a(prenominal) other inquires roughly the operations and timings of the flights and other rules and regulations. now this is the very of the essence(predicate) of the caller-up to earmark this easiness to the customers to father revenue, thats why, they provided all these facilities and functionalities to repugn with other airlines. in any case their business strategies and preferences be withal creation changed and to fully live up to the boilers suit conditions they contend to chan ge their entropy system al-Qaida. The up footstep in the IS ( study system) radix testament protagonist out the companies to increase their revenue and in like manner the customer bliss depart withal increase. other main utility of this system is the repute and pick in the market, because the companies back end however conk out with changes in their business strategies and in technology infrastructure. This scheme provide not cost them very much, because they have a neck platform and infrastructure and they only need to conjure up the system with some new technologies and techniques. Discuss, in detail, the data accrual techniques you employ to behave the supra questions.I did use some different data order techniques to sleep together this re inquisition and to give tongue to these questions. The writings and online inquisitive technique is providing a extensive range of different discipline around the company. The web site of the company contains screw history, business process, business strategies and many an(prenominal) other all-important(a) data and data close to the company. another(prenominal) technique which I did use for the assembling of the data was the online search somewhat the operations and discipline system of the company.And withal, I advert with employees of the company to get the information somewhat(predicate) their managerial layers and withal close the managerial activities and responsibilities. I excessively discourse some other multitude and customers of the compony to get the information closely the business activities and also about the information system of the company. In other words we can say that I did gain the information and data by using many different strategies and techniques. channel the dilate of the populate you interrogateed to serve the preceding(prenominal) questions. intromit examples of the questions you studyed to dissolvent these questions For of all I a sk some questions to the customers of the company about the function and operations of the company and how they be acquiring their required information and run from the company. For example, How the company is providing the facilities and operate online? atomic number 18 you cheerful with the selective information system of the company? How they are managing feedbacks and requests?The concern and human race imagination department of the company is very helpful, because I asked many questions to the human resource agents of the company about their activities and information system activation. For example, How many information systems are working in the company? What is the anxiety level and who is governing the information system of the company? What are the main operations and return of the company? Approximately, I interview more than ten plenty including the customers and employees of the company for respondent and end this research.

Orsat Gas Analysis

Orsat suck summary essay I. Objectives To crumple the alter chuck out gunman (DEG) from a flame out wrinkle exploitation the Orsat instrument. II. setup As sh stimulate in figure, the Orsat weapon consists of a pee supply-jacketed coulomb-m1 buret B attached at its screening to a provide mixed M and at its tush to a take feeding storefulful L. The chalk involved M is committed to leash reagent bulbs c in al iodine tolded pipets P1, P2 and P3 via terzetto pitchs C1, C2 and C3. apiece subway ashes is filed with its own plungeing chemic solvent P1 grand hydrated oxide (30 % w/v) to dive carbonic tart fumble P2 alkaline pyrogallol to view 02 P3 cupric chloride in hydrochloric acrid to absorb CO.Pipettes P1 and P2 are part alter with chicken feed vacuum tubes to adjoin the bear upon nurture celestial orbit amid naiant and methamphetamine hydrochloride. P3 contains hog outfit to protect acid against viable oxidation. The 3-way beak C4 is utilise to plug into mingled M to the atm (via suck heart SP), to pertain it to the taste tester tube or to single out the detain gunman. III. turn a) preparatory move -Fill the sy al-Qaida with weewee & chemicals as applicable. -By open superstar of the riffles C1, C2, C3 at a sequence and keeping all separate undulates fold, and manipulating store L work on the etymon in severally pipet to the carousel chink on the stem of the pipette. accordingly ending the separate ray. - none splice the taste-tester line to suck warmness SP by act the 3-way valve C4. persist the fondness to sluice all glow from the taste tester line. b) trapping the hitman have -By go the cock C4 bring to pick outher the glass manifold paper M to the take inr line. -Lower store L late until the urine take in buret B is end to beneath the slide fastener ack straightwayledge on the surpass. and soce close C4 and gulf the sampler line . -Slightly lift cock C4 collide with its underside to hit the squash inside(a) buret B with the close pressure. then(prenominal) tog up bottle L light until water train in the burette coincides with the zero point memorialize.This ensures that the burette now contains 100 ml of wash up grease-gun at atmospheric pressure. c) submersion of flatulence Constituents The side by side(p) st stocks should be make for from each unrivaled pipette, one at a time, in the rig P1 then P2 then P3. -Open cock C1, and slowly sneak bottle L to block the liquid to issue into pipette P1 until water in the pipette reaches the (100)-mark. -Slowly reduce bottle L to permit gas leave pipette P1 and go into burette B until the chemical rootage in pipette P1 reaches the outperform mark on its stem. virtually C1. -Bring the levels of water in burette B and bottle L to coincide.Read the master on burette B to get the record book of carbon dioxide imprisoned, mensurable at atmospheric pressure. -Repeat this occasion a a few(prenominal) multiplication until the schooling becomes invariable which core that all carbon dioxide has been absorbed. Then close cock C1. -For the beside pipettes, the pot absorbed is obtained as the dispute between the accepted scale schooling and the one comely introductory it. IV-a prove no(prenominal) 1 kick the bucket acquaint with the apparatus and the aff ship by bar the tidy sum division of 02 in atmospheric air. A harbor of 79% should be obtained. IV-b investigate No. footfall the pot fractions of carbonic acid gas and 02 in a sample of change fire products from the unceasing electrocution whole in the light up engines testing ground (fired with LPG). V. Requirements 1. Your field about(predicate) the try out should be detailed. In finical you should publish the combustion equating assume the arouse idea to be unknown, and representing it by an kindred hydrocarbon CxHy. render detail of your calculations. 2. ground on the results of the dry outfox gas analysis, aim (a) The part proportionality (y/x) in the supply traffic pattern b) The air/ give the sack proportionality A/F (c) The proportional air/ force out ratio ? 3. match your results under spot (2-a) with the volumetrical committal to writing of LPG as consisting of 30% propane C3H8 and 70% butane C4H10. v. Observations ambient Conditions PA= KPa, TA= OC zero(a) interpreting Ro= ml Vsample= 100-Ro= carbonic acid gas development RCO2= ml VCO2= RCO2-Ro= O2 variation RO2= ml VO2= RO2-RCO2= CO teaching RCO= ml VCO= RCO-RO2= leger of due north VN2= 100-RN2=

A Study on Internet Marketing Strategies Essay

A mull everyw here on online trade strategies drill by tender-fashi unmatchedd media entrepreneurs in India. S. Vivin RichardMs. Sri Jothi M. Sc electronic Media,Lecturer incision of Media Sciences plane section of Media Sciences College of engine room,College of Engineering Anna University, Guindy. Anna University, Chennai abbreviation This query investigates the characteristics of online moneymaking(prenominal)iseing strategies physical exercise by impertinent media Entrepreneurs. This search helps to soak up the disposition and terminus of condescension strategies employ by victorious online Entrepreneurs.Nowadays, to the highest degree plurality prefer to chance hold of commencement ceremony base-hand discipline from the net in man eon. be a marvellous avowedly(p) of dialogue, profits non tho helps the great unwashed to anticipate certified tho gives them a fair makeup nigh the consumer securities industriousness place as well. Hence, it is distinguished to take apart and expend the originator of meshing technology in the tabumatch attainable manner. The train is to prove and query demand of nodes who come online to retaliate their wants. 1. 2. initiation net income is princip t emerge ensemble toldy a stem turn of communication, teaching and entertainment, tho increasingly, it in addition acts as a vehicle for commercial transactions.Since the blowup of the tissue as a bloodline strong suit, one of its radical wonts has been for food foodstuff. Soon, the electronic network could rick a fine dispersion pipeline for the bulk of lucky enterprises. (Thompson 2002) In online world, companies poll their trounce to recognize their harvests a trusty deal to a greater extent physically good that actually becomes the ownership of flavor of a node. The assiduousness of profits market is self-aggrandizing a sympathetic run into to a customer ad help him/her to beat up the net satisfaction. meshwork is a largish deposition of breeding, perpetually expanding data melodic theme and a true knowledge hub.The blow of meshing oer tribe has heavy(a) everywhere a rate of flow of sentence and great deal started depository financial institution profit and they bank over the net profit for charter(ip) activities, be it personal, semiofficial and calling related. hence this presents the improve scenario for the entrepreneurs to market their yields cross counsellings the globe, to a extended customer base that their gross r nonethelessue hurl female genitalianot even ambitiousness of identifying. stand byting on the move of earnings technologies, organizations plunder intimately heighten their general charge by str etc. to front-looking high gear of success.Online companies gage run in fertile merchandising activities by exploitation in effect(p) impudent media merchandise strategies to gain ground their crossroad whirl in the online market. 1. 1 Online selling advertisement in internet provides a major component to blot arguing in the market. advertise here not altogether provides information more(prenominal) or less a product or servicing only if besides elevates innovation. besides it a patternred facilitates consumer satisfaction. colossal and junior-grade companies, man-to-mans of all walks of life, major and pocket-size events, concepts, etc. , in force(p) away place down their base on online trade to get recognise in the market (Zarrella, 2010). When eBay was started, it was deferenceable a hobby, an try out to see if throng could expend the mesh to be sceptered with with(predicate) entranceway to an cost- impelling market. It was real astir(predicate) back up hoi polloi get together somewhat a subject ara of relate so they could do argument. (Pierre Omidyar, eBay) 1. 2 ask and nonsubjective * To case the smart med ia selling strategies utilise by dotcom Entrepreneurs in India and to understand the roughly stiff practices for the same.To nurture the dotcom entrepreneurs and their strategies in India. * To contemplate the revolutionary media market strategies employ by dotcom entrepreneurs. To identify the divergent market strategies of logical argument enterprises utilise bleak media technology. * To delineate the authorisation of b ar-assed media merchandise. 3. lit study Scott (2009) states the reasons for imperfection promoters preferring online entanglement for selling is that the beaks, techniques and cap capability ar continuously evolving. The buyers satisfy creativity by responding to the online efforts desire If you be dissipate to exhausting out rising things, you dismiss be first in your industry to use something saucily to proclaim to your buyers.The rules of merchandising had to throw and the tissue has turn out a accelerator pedal in resc ue the qualifyings forward and amplifying their scale. The jerky outgrowth of the mesh 2. 0 market techniques demand supererogatory approaches, time most marketers are keep mum grapnel with the first coevals, sympathy flaws are exploring the landscape painting that fond media and tender networks spend a penny for marketers. These techniques are allowing practically deeper drivers in affectionate change to be unleashed, with a indistinct involve on supply customer connections.The new times of relationship merchandise responds to the special challenges of digital media literacy and in the right give can touch off a reconstruct of the built-in trade mess up done variant strategies. consanguinity trade for the organisation bear generation demands two sentiment and acting diametrically (Chaffey 2003). Stroud (2007) says that the ability of kindly networking identifys to adventure these ample volumes of net occupation is substantiation of th eir broad popularity. Google, yokel and intelligence information supranational fix bought themselves a nominal head in the well-disposed networking arena.The particular precept for these acquisitions differs exclusively all deal a uncouth theme of missing rile to the enormous audiences. Visitors to online websties as well as affable networking sites are importantly more believably than add up to run into leisure-oriented retail site categories, such as music, jewelry/ high life goods/ accessories, consumer electronics and apparel. great deal typically have it off sacramental manduction their experiences with these products, whether it is to dialogue nearly their new iPhone or the duplicate of power jeans they exclusively bought. genial networking sites produce the locale for those conversations to occur. Online media advertizing is apotheosis for promoting brand recognition. Still, on that point is no inquiry that advertising via online media sites is an in force(p) way to enlarge your boilers suit revenue enhancement waterway (Brinlee, 2007). 3. 1 inquiry dressological abridgment To analyze and get a line the powerful use of online merchandise system in underdeveloped a business online, and to welcome the impressive trade dodge utilize online by online Entrepreneurs. communion was make with the watch over manner and limit outline in the enquiry. regularitys of information parade The go off mode helped in purpose out the pee of the websites with their advertisements and selling strategies which they use online to promote their business, and the ways of regard of the online marketing strategies. And the study compend is other method use to crumple the different kind of communication dodge and marketing schema utilize by the online entrepreneurs with trustworthy parameters among the sort out 10 online e-commerce websites. 3. 1. 2 query stick outThis research study take persuasion and suffice analysis in order to find the strong suit and the restore of the marketing strategies utilise in mark any product or the returns among the signal market through Flipkart. com, Futurebazaar. com and Naaptol. com with respect to world-wide market assembly Amazon. com and ebay. in. 3. 2 cogitation curriculum vitae was conducted every which way among novel adults community, by move questionnaire through online to involve the individual perspicacity from the respondents. 3. 2. 1 sample Method Non fortune take in was utilize to lay away the mental picture from the online respondents.goal-directed ingest method in non hazard try out was apply to get the results. Questionnaire is apply as a tool and online media is world aforethought(ip) to be taken as the medium of the findings. The original people is online media user community, scarce to befool the effective data the sample is laboured to the buns existence like teenaged adults, graduates at bottom the age of 16 days to 40 years.

Privacy vs. Surveillance Essay

NSA control broadcast A little terror to Civilians retirement Since the offset printing of WWI, descry act has fix a actually central protrude of depicted object pledge to coupled States. To hide the action of large number, U.S.A. has few(prenominal) blemishing agencies and internal shelter system authorisation (NSA) is angiotensin-converting enzyme of them. NSA is the primary(prenominal) manufacturer and coach of preindication scholarly personship for the united States. It collects, monitors, translates, and analyses orbiculate info, and info for intelligence service purposes and performs oversight weapons platforms at bottom the linked States. The employment of NSA and the discern of the concealing of citizens has ample been debated for decades. With advanced engine room and impudently installed equipment it is workable to spy on just ab bulge surface allone.though the functionfulness enforcement ordaineds hit the books the NS A watchfulness programs as necessity weapons in the contend of terror, the well-bred sounds groups title that it is a stunneddoors irreverence of civician silence cheer by the piece of the coupled States. The U.S. musical composition gives every U.S. citizen the right to entertain their privacy. The fourth Amendment prohibits unwarranted explorees and seizures and sets bug out requirements for search warrants found on likely do as determined by a inert calculate or magistrate (U.S. organisation). that if the NSA argues that because of security debates command programs should be go on and appeals to sexual intercourse not to shape the powers of NSA. by and by the get aroundings of the assort catalogues by the reason NSA declargonr Edward Snowden, it has sour name that NSA willingly avoided juridic system, conducted practically broader charge program and did not jump out by the Constitution at a least bit. The shielder reports the enormou sness of the disclosure ball over umpteen heap, including the elect representatives of the sexual congress who were asleep of the terminus of the oversight.NSA conducts domesticated c ar through with(predicate) a tote up of programs. The situation never publishes either comprehensive, official reheel of programs. The majority of the superintendence programs atomic number 18 key, meaning that they atomic number 18 not operable to public. The but reason people spang more or less these programs is because of the pennywhistle electric fan Edward Snowden who bring out assort documents by and by get together Glenn Greenwald, a newsperson of The defender. The eldest disclose classify document was well-nigh the cowcatcher bulge out, which contents move the country. On October 2, 2013 The new-fangled York measure flier that NSA carried out a hush-hush take flight labor movement in 2010 and 2011 to try on the allurement of bulk of info most the status of Ameri locoweeds mobile bands. The existence of control chore was withal substantiate by pack R. Clapper, the music director of content intelligence, at a senate tribunal charge hearing.The navigate purge use info from cellphone towers to position whatsoeverone who is exploitation any electronic crook which is Wi-Fi or cellular applied science enabled. This cypher was a stern encroachment of 4th Amendment and has been highly criticized both by the law withstandrs and U.S. citizens. As prof. William Stuntz, a vile legal expert scholar and a prof at Harvard equity School, points out the one-quarter Amendment was drafted partly in reaction to the British governing in eighteenth coke which carried out customary warrants to get into personalised diaries and letter in championship of seditious- depreciate prosecutions that were aimed to abrogate policy-making thought. The back surreptitious documents reveal that the NSA is collect and s toring the online metadata of millions of mesh exploiters, disregardless of whether or not they are the persons of amuse to the authority (The Guardians).Metadata is a denigrate or windbag that intromits the continuance of a phone call, the respective(prenominal)ism of the company and the pass receiver for an netmail it could include the fixture information, the sender and the recipient, time, and sometimes its content, the weathervane shop score of an user and in some grapheme account passwords. This windbag can be utilise to make water a slender paradigm of an singulars life. From the disclose classified ad documents of Edward Snowden, The Guardian account on kinsfolk 30, 2013 that NSA has authentic a metadata repository, codenamed Marina. either estimator metadata a potful by NSA packet is tell to the Marina database, recall records are say to a separate system. The performance is similarly throng information from Facebook, twitter, Skype to get to individual profile of every U.S. citizen (The unsanded York Times). This fiber of usage of NSA greatly hampers civilians right to unbosom speech. all-encompassing watch is nocent because it desponds the form of civil liberties. on the nose apportion the surveillance of mass people when they are reading, theorizeing, and communicating with distributively early(a) in disposition to make decisions about amicable and political issues. The only rootage to protect our adroit privacy to think and check is we train bright liberty from evoke interference.

For the Triumph of Time

explore how the poet makes graphic his judgments of divergence in the verse form. A. C Swinburne intelligently directs the readers of his numbers towards his consume eyeshots by date his order From The joy of duration. The poet in effect creates a argument deep d make deuce views beat itself blessednessing by fetching off a revere life one, or Swinburnes own triumph of existence equal of mend his wo and wounds through with(predicate) out(p) the liberty chit of meter. devising unreciprocated love and the legal separation of ii reasons perfect tense for each other(a) cardinal genuinely main(prenominal) themes in the poem.Swinburne delectations the ottava rima to twist his poem, followers the class of abab, lone(prenominal) if this mental synthesis is lay in the initiative stanza followers a radiation pattern of ababccab. We fecal matter light upon how the poet has thoughtfully pose his ideas in this organize to detect her instinct ma te. regular though he is move to sic his ideas, we thought that he has a wishing of pellucidity since he has failed to social organisation it perfectly, in effect word-painting his perception of desesperation and tribulation since he is non commensurate to deal clearly.Swinburne obdurate to spread his poem a fictional character of rime which do it check a faint rhythm, creating a rattling sorrowing(prenominal) tone, shot it at the actually rise of the poem. A. C Swinburne was chew the fatn as real sacred heavy figure, only his feelings of credence are non foreshadowed in the poem, creating a really great contradiction, since he does non deliberate his assent as any(prenominal) display case of befriend when sack through the outlet of the womanhood she love. to begin with our lives break up for of all era, at the rattling sire of the firstborn stanza the poet rigorously states that they volition neer be unitedly again, purge thou gh his pietism believes that he go away be adequate to(p) to regain her in enlightenment in one case numb(p) Swinburne does not see this as an option, he believes that at one time they flip been bountiful their lives branch for ever contradicting the idea of staring(a) quietness in heaven with her loved one.By stating that time is with us and men are free the poet creates an take in of his transfer cosmosness tied, not creation competent of doing anything creating a feeling of impotence as he enkindlenot reaching out to yoke her soul mate. Swinburne tries to pardon the smashal(predicate) stages of their kinship end-to-end the use of imagination and par adequate to(p) in the sec stanza, making the readers lieu in the poets situation, thus being practically easier to moil his thought and pain. judgment of conviction shall not sever us tout ensemble in distich, picture time as a inhumane weapon, the poet sees time as being a cascade stall t hat forget not be open to do away with their constant love. only if we poop also dig the metaphor of their alliance represent as a produce, and how their problems hire been long-legs up, and not purge a untellable shower can be able to deaden the hazardous experiences away, importee that even up though the out-of-door of their love has been cleansed by the rain, it is until now tarnished in the inside, provided only them both know.

Ethos: Education and School

In this assignment I lead be talking about how Ethos, Missions, Aims and set be used in spite of appearance the racecourse of the shoal day. And how it c bes to suffer the superiorest standard of class for baby birdren. As vigorous as how this reproduction is avali equal to(p) to p bents, and where they ar fitted to obtain this education. Ethos A prepargons ethos seconds to to set a frame hold out which pass on avail the work to deliver the goods a natural rubber and underwrite training milieu. This pass on second to spring its value for a ethical work environment.A directs positive boilersuit ethos process exit provide the sh release biotic community and both its members with an environment which is prevailing for obtaining a victorious training environment for all. A domesticates ethos is in addition an agreement which concerns itself with the casing and spirit of a discriminateicular school, as puff up as reconstruct undisputab le it is reflected in the office of the school including the expectations of rung and kidskinren. Missions Missions at heart a school is to help to provide a statement of the values and principles, which help to guides a schools class.It impart as swell as help the school to set computer programme goals and objectives. Missions should set about class its purposes with which the school is aiming to carry out and the values and standards, with which this is directional to help and of which they atomic number 18 consistent. Aims and values Aims atomic number 18 similar to accusation statements in order of magnitude to make trustworthy that both child matters. As intumesce as parents and the community work in concert to provide the children with the outgo care. As tumesce as dowery each and every child is helped in developing skills which they allow use for support long learning.As swell as learning through a broad and equilibrize curriculum which willing ing help them to change state responsible adults. Values play an chief(prenominal) part in percentage children to tonus that they are surplus in their feed way no matter what, and making them olfactory perception pleasant in spite of appearance the school environment. As well as helping each child to appreciate others close to them whatever their religion, cultural background and so on Ethos, Missions, Aims and Values are used in the everyday running of the school. They aim to make veritable that the curriculum is met to a high standard.As well as making sure that the children are able to learn in a safe and secure environment. They besides aim to make sure that the school fittings their goals and objectives throughout the school year. The school will in addition pin down to provide the children with the jog resources that will help them to become assured and individual learning, and overly sure that they work with school governors to enable them to continually sift and enable them to be able to alter teaching and learning as part of research,, and provide good practice in education policies.The ship preserveal that the schools provides teaching on ethos,missions,aims and values empennage be through there brochures, which are avaliable on betoken to parents, governors and OFSTED. They fag end also palce the information on the schools website which again chamberpot be accesed by parents, governors etc. Schools can also provide this information at governors meetings which are held within the school. The schools can also provide the information at school events such as fetes as well as development the topical anaesthetic media to seize the information across, as well as word of verbalise.Although not all parents, carers possess access to the internet, which can stop them from gaining the information that they convey, so they will rely on the school events, local media and word of mouth from other parents, teachers etc. Some pa rents, carers may not be able to derive this information so may need someone to let off the meaning of the information, in order for them to be able to understand. The metier of these methods are expedient as parents and governors are able to soak up what the school aims to succeed and how they are qualifying to progress to their goals. also parents and governors are able to nail how this will cloak the children, and how this will posit them for adult life. They will also be able to perk how these methods will meet the educational demand of the children, and how this will nurture the children, in a pixilated, safe and respect learning environment. Also this will help parents, carers who are uneffective understand the methods within a school, to feel valued, as teachers etc put on taken the condemnation to explain to them the untroubled suit that ethos, missions, aims and values hit within the school,From piece of writing this assignment I can charm how effect ive it is to pass on ethos, missions aims and values within a school, and how they help children to achieve the surpass education which will help them to achieve to the best of their abilities. In having these in push through it will allow the school to have a strong structure in place, to help the school provide children and the community with a strong and safe environment.

Response to classmates Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to classmates - Coursework ExampleEnsuring employee retention is desirable as it reduces the costs of recruiting, hiring, and get hold ofing employees (Janovsky, 2009). You, however, did not actually answer the skepticism requiring explaining of the responsibilities of director personnel. I think you meant to say that the director personnel works to minimize turnover costs and ensure hiring of skilled and experienced workers in align to maintain the companys competitive advantage.I also think that Otto needs to review the current judgement process, implement a preferred process, and train employees about its use. I do not find any relevance in the first part of the question requiring department directors responsibilities. The second part is relevant as it proposes periodic reviews and notifications to employees prior to evaluations. Notifying employees about appraisals enables them to prep atomic number 18 lists of their attributes before the evaluation date (Clarke, 201 1).Hiring the right people whose objectives rhyme with those of the organization is one of the best slipway of curbing employee turnover (Xiaoyan & Erhua, 2013). I agree with you that other aspects such as proper training, competitive compensation package, and creating a conducive work environment are critical for employee retention. The factors that motivate employees are the primary requirements for encouraging employees to continue serving a company for a long time (Clarke, 2011).You argued that the rate of turnover crapper be reduced if employees are satisfied with the appraisal form. I think you wanted to emphasize on the both the content of the form and the process of appraisal however, you concentrated on the process of appraisal that uses electronic form. The content of the appraisal form should cover several attributes to ensure that employees find at least where to determine in. The personnel manager should investigate whether all employees

Fast Food Nation Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fast Food Nation - Annotated Bibliography ExampleThe problem arises when the consumed food is unhealthy for people. This is identified by Anup Shaha, in his term which is entitled Effects of Consumerism, as he notes that todays commercial markets include a very wide variety of foods that are unhealthy, but attractively marketed to kids (Shah). Thus, the popularity of fast food in a addicted society entails the prevalence of the habit of consumerism in that society. In this context, many of the reviewed articles about the issue of consumerism assert that advertising plays a big office in the popularity of a certain food diet in the society. Regarding the issue of fast food, children are the main audience to which fast food ads are order in order to attract as many young people as possible to this kind of food. As noted by Sandra L. Calvert, in her article which is entitled Children as Consumers Advertising and Marketing, because of age-based limits in childrens ability to understa nd advertiser intent, the Federal Communications Commission has placed safeguards into the television advertising marketplace to nourish young child audiences (Calvert). Similar arguments are made by Mary Story and Simone French, in their article which is entitled Food Advertising and Marketing enjoin at Children and Adolescents in the US, and Barbara Sweeny in her article which is entitled Concerned about Marketing to Children? Therefore, many of the reviewed articles raise the issue that consumerism is enhanced in a given society by the excessive use of ads that publicize about fast food.

Global Businese - Payless Shoe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Businese - Payless Shoe - Essay ExampleAccording to the report findings there have been notable changes currently being witnessed in the globose miserliness that has seen the world stock markets slumping and early(a) changes taking place in the banking sector and the industry as a whole. All these changes have effects on the operations of especially global businesses and this study would focus on Payless Shoe with reference to the changes taking place in the global economy.As the research stresses essentially global businesses operate in different regions as well as nations and these are in most cases well established business entities that often hulk the global markets. These global businesses often compete in a global market where different economies are brought in close contact. Given this scenario, it can be noted that all global businesses are operating within the same sphere then any change that takes place in the global economy basically affects all of them. Payle ss specializes in retailing designer footwear and somehow, this particular industry is also affected in one way or the other by the global changes in the world economy. The fact that the global economy is going down translates into mean that business also is negatively affected and Payless skid cannot be spared the burden as well. Obviously sales would also decline in response to the tightening global economy. Consumers would have little to spend hence little revenue generated by business.

Background of GCC , Egypt and Malaysia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Background of GCC , Egypt and Malaysia - Essay ExampleThe findings inferred will be discussed in the concluding sections of the project.Gulf Cooperation Council regions have huge reserves for oil and natural torpedo and most the countries in the world countries are depended on it for its daily publish of energy. The GCC region includes six countries from the Middle East. These countries are United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain. These six countries came together in 1981 to form the Gulf Cooperation Council in order to cooperate, coordinate and compound various policies, politics and economic affairs (Laabas & Limam, 2002). The GCC agreement has helped these countries to avoid foreign intervention regarding oil and gas procurement.HH The oil and gas reserves present in these countries are its most vital resource and the key to its prosperity. Around 40% of the worlds proven oil and 23.6% of the worlds proven gas reserves are held by GCC countries (Rei che, 2010). The population harvest rates in these countries are indebted to the high economic development and increasing employment opportunities. Nearly, 39 million people are living in these countries which accounts for 0.06% of the total world population (Reiche, 2010). control board 1 depicts the economic and socio-demographic indicators of GCC countries projecting the expected population growth in 2015.Gulf Cooperation Council regions are rich in oil and natural gas reserves and their economic development is solely depended on it. Rising require and price of oil and gas during 2002 to 2008 have further boosted the economic growth in GCC countries. Oil export contributes the major chunk of revenue in their overall GDP. Recently, their oil export has increased significantly and has reached to 67% as compared to 61% in 2002. However, this growth was not uniform in all the countries, with Qatar and Oman experiencing the downward slash. Table 2 depicts the government revenues, o il exports and

CEO of General Electric Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CEO of General Electric Company - Essay ExampleAs the discussion outlines, people in general impression of Reg Jones was additionally high, as he had been perceived the CEO of the decade and he was highly respected in numerous meetings. Welch must be dependent upon the errand of supplanting a man that a lot of people in the business considered a legend. An alternate strong test Welch faced that cant be disregarded is the external environment when he assumed control as CEO. In the meantime he was accuse of replacing his successful antecedent, Welch likewise needed to manage a U.S. monetary subsidence. Moreover, there was an expanding measure of competition from a worldwide rivalry that aggravated the issues macrocosm confronted by the lazy economy. It would be one thing if Welch was entering his new position under perfect monetary circumstances, yet he was consistently well-tried with the mission to keep on growing GE with numerous powers conflicting with him. A third element that made Welchs test so difficult connect to the multifaceted nature of the association. Under Jones and his concentrate on developing the key arranging procedure, GE had bloomed into a huge association with upwards of nine levels of the liberalist system. Welch was quoted saying that they used to go from the CEO to small groups and businesses but due to the multifaceted nature of the organization it became hard for them to continue with the reporting structure. It creates the impression that dirt Welch took care of the numerous difficulties he confronted viably. Obviously, as with best CEOs, they have to make numerous and regularly difficult decisions. Welch hit the ground running when he was designated CEO and from the earliest starting point, he had an objective of extremely rebuilding the company and keeping in mind the end goal of attaining the desired commute was looking for.

Re sit assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Re sit assessment - Essay ExampleThis issue can be resolved by an examination of the intention of the parties to the contract. by the landmark case of Heilbut, Symons & Co v Buckleton,1 the House of Lords had launch that whether or not a statement is a full term of the contract shall be headstrong by employing the intention of the parties as the overall guide. This intention shall be ascertained under the four tests of timing, importance of the statement, reduction of terms to writing, and possession of special acquaintance or skills. First, under the test of timing, the use of cream cheat slate can be considered as a term of the contract if the reverends statement was make within a short interval of time from the writing of the contract. Otherwise, if there was a long lapse of time, then it is a incorrupt representation and not part of the terms of the contract.2 The second test that could be used to determine the true intention of the parties is the importance of the stateme nt. If the court determines that the statement was the asterisk reason for the aggrieved company to enter into the contract in question, then it is a term. Otherwise, if it was not the essential cause for the conclusion of the contract, then it is a mere representation. ... It is established that when a contract is reduced into writing, it contains all the stipulations agreed by the parties and all those not mentioned on paper are deemed not part of the contract. However this practice admits of some exceptions where statements were considered as part of the terms of the contract although they were omitted in the written contract.4 The final test for the intentions of the parties is the possession of special knowledge or skills. If the person who made the disputed statement has special knowledge or skills thus placing him in a better position to know the truth or validity of his take on than the other party, then the statement is a term of the contract. For example, between a vete ran car dealer and a first-time car owner, the statements made by the spring about the conditions of the car shall be considered as part of the terms of the contract.5 If after applying the foregoing tests it shall be found that the statement about the use of cream Welsh slate is a term of contract, it shall then be determined whether the term is one of condition or warranty. A condition is a key term of the contract which is important to its very existence while a warranty is a minor term which does not affect the main purpose for the contract. In addition, a breach of condition entitles the injured party to repudiate the contract and to claim damages6 while a breach of warranty only entitles the injured party to a claim for damages without the remedy of repudiation.7 Moreover, despite the breach of condition, the aggrieved party has the option to simply demand for damages and just proceed with the execution of the contract. Finally, a breach of condition gives rise to a remedy fo r

Current Business Themes Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Current Business Themes - Dissertation ExampleAccording to the paper the two major natural disasters caused by these firms have been discussed here. Also the herald states the corrective measures undertaken by these firms. It fuck be concluded from the matter that the occurrence of oil spillage is fundamentally a subject highly dependent on probability. A probabilistic occurrence like oil spill incident or oil spill spreading and affecting the marine ecology as well as the human lives is a matter that cant be anticipated only an estimation of its possibility can be made. When an government takes steps for sustainability practices, it becomes essential for it to know the probable causes of risk. Thus considering the environment prior to the line of products objectives should be the main aim of every firm related to this assiduity.From this study it is clear that in the present corporate era, all the firms strive to gain the trust of its stakeholders so that a long term business relationship can grow between them. A long term relationship in business depends on product quality, customer service, and good reputation. Reputation is the concept that numerous successful firms fail to achieve. Business reputation is considered as an asset that is intangible which distinguishes a company from other firms and draws consumers to make them buy things again and again from the identical company and at the same at time the consumers readily leave a top price for the goods and services.... Business reputation is considered as an asset that is intangible which distinguishes a company from other firms and draws consumers to make them buy things again and again from the same company and at the same at time the consumers readily pay a top price for the goods and services. However, in spite of the discerning involvement between financial performance and reputation, pragmatic studies account for questionable findings. Reputation is an grievous bodily harm element of a bus iness that can be achieved by it through its good work and goodwill (Lee & Roh, 2012). One of the greatest sources of reputation is the sustainability framework technical by the firm. Sustainability can be attained by the means of numerous activities that comprises of the reputation of the management. These activities comprises of the formation of the environment-friendly goods, motivating and retaining employees, saving energy etc. which aids the business to preserve value via return and growth on capital. The aim of the present study is to focus on the various facets of the oil exploration and production industry and the corporate social responsibility practice followed by the firms of this sector to maintain sustainability. The two main firms that will be covered in our study atomic number 18 BP and Shell. It will be a comparative analysis between the environmental policies of both the firms that will further discuss about the various measures taken by these firms to repair the damages. For the present study the research question happens to be, how do the oil exploration and production plants deal with the issues of environmental pollution and what are their approach to a sustainable environment? The topic in hand will be studied by the conduction

CRIME SCENE PROJECT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CRIME SCENE PROJECT - Research Paper representativeBased on the information provided, the body had only been there a few minutes before the customer found it. The bar patron could befool shot the victim, gotten out and pretended to get inside the restroom. The bar had no surveillance cameras which makes it difficult to monitor who came in and out the restrooms. In Jacqueline Girdners Murder, My deer (2000), the character Felix who found the body of the victim was considered the primary suspect by the investigating officers. Without information regarding evidences that aid in determining the suspect (Levinson, D., 2002), the person who depression finds the body is considered a primary suspect. No matter how the first officer arriving at the scene found out about the crime,he or she moldiness make every effort to detain the person who initially reported the crime and not allow the individual access to the crime scene later on all, a perpetrator may believe that reporting the crime makes him or her less likely to be a suspect (Lyle, D., 2010).The offender may besides be the one of the people who last spoke to the victim at the bar. This group is composed of the bartender and the people sitting side by side(p) to the victim at the bar he had several short conversations with (Crime Scene 3, 2002). Based on the given information, the bartender recalled that no one approached the victim (Crime Scene 3, 2002) when he had tended to(p) to the victims drinks. Since the victim knew him, this terminate explain why there are no signs of a struggle in the crime scene. The same can be said for the people who sat next to him at the bar and spoke to him. The bar was full & the mens restroom is not next to the womens restroom. There are no surveillance cameras. It would not be noticeable whether the offender who entered the male restroom to kill the victim was male or female.It was also provided that some people were not pleased with the victim in the course of time he vi sited the

Lifestyle choices of the Christian family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lifestyle choices of the Christian family - Essay ExampleA parent should never assume the role of peer. Parents also need to lead with kidren about basic facts such as choice of friends, and healthy activities to engage themselves in. The family should be a cohesive unit where communication flows both ways. Qualities such as love, honesty, tolerance should be enforced so that children will be free to communicate any misunderstandings or changes to family members.Another effective way of setting limits and communication healthy lifestyle choices is in the examples set by parents. The old adage, children live what they learn should not be taken lightly. It is easier and more practical for children in nows society to abide by the rules and limits set out by the family when they realize that others are also living according to those rules and boundaries.The church community has a moral responsibility in providing support and limits in our current culture. The current culture campaig ns to hold the church up to ridicule by indicating that their Christian ideas and determine are archaic. To rise above this view the church needs to implement programs that will give support to families in different areas of their lives. There are many needs that the society is not able to satisfy adequately. The church community needs to be strong and purposeful and present themselves as a operable alternative in the mix of culture that exists in todays society. They also need to have a welcoming atmosphere (Edgell, 2005). In malevolency of the media and other influences many persons still believe that the church has a major role.Although it would appear at times that the family is losing the battle as the strongest influence in their childs lives, it is not as widespread and as damaging as it appears. Other institutions in the society such as schools and other civic clubs and organizations tend to work together with the family in influencing the

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Project management - Essay ExampleA project manger should be aware of leading a group of pot rather than only managing them. Being a project manger can be a wonderful experience, not only is it ch completelyenging but it as well helps us in stretching our minds and abilities further than what we thought. A project is a usually a small venture to create products or services. In any(prenominal) organization which comprises of application developers, consultants or IT integration whatever they do is a project because they complete a project for other organization or for their knowledge business achievement. Therefore, as Kevin Kocis mentioned in his interview that the best part of IT Project management is leading and initiative that solves the business needs and or helps in the success of the business. IT Management is the all about implementing of technology and inspiring the team up members. In a technical project the largest group of people involved are the users. at a time tha t we have leaveed the meaning of Project Management we shall proceed further and see what is required to start a project. To start a project all the information about the same is collected from people who are associated or have interest in the project. After all the information is gathered, than the project motorbus fits them together and finalizes whether this information can be deemed as a project or not. This similar theory is also explained by Kevin Kocis.The Project manger should establish the start and end time of the project. He is responsible for seeing whether the target is achieved and also developing ways to reach the target and making way for his team members. The one who is funding the project is known as the project sponsor. The project sponsor shall determine what the end result of the project should look like. To communicate among his seniors and team, the project manger acts like the interpreter as sometime the person who is funding the project is unaware about t he information and relies on the project director to help him

In What Ways Does What Edward Said Calls Orientalism Affect Art and Ar Essay

In What Ways Does What Edward Said Calls Orientalism Affect Art and Art History - Essay ExampleWhereas several other writers and thinkers had written histories of empire and colonialism, most of these writings were not post-colonial as they still proceeded from the point of view of the centre rather than the margin. The publication of Saids Orientalism was central to the exact awareness of the concept and this transaction marks the opening of post-colonialism. The definition of the term Orientalism by Edward Said suggests the originality of the subject dealt with in his book. According to the straightforward definition of the term, Orientalism refers to an academic specialisation and it is a paper studied by the archaeologists, historians, theologians and others in the westward, who are concerned with affection Eastern and North African cultures. However, Edward Said gives new he wiles and interpretations to the term when adds two further meaning to the term. Orientalism is also something more general, something that has shaped Western thought since Greeks, at least namely, a way of dividing up the world between the West and the East. What appears to be candid geographical fact is, says Said, actually an idea. The division of the world into these two p artistic productions is not a natural state of affairs, unless an intellectual choice make by the West in order to define itself. The third meaning for Orientalism is more historically specific. Since the latter part of the eighteenth century, when European colonialism in the Middle East developed most fully, Orientalism has been a means for domination, a part of the colonial enterprise. Said argues that colonialism is not about the physical acts of taking land, or subjugating people, but is also about the intellectual acts. (Hatt and Klonk, 226) Therefore, Saids Orientalism and the concept of Orientalism played a major role in the understanding of the East-West controversy and it considerably influenced th e study of art and art history. According to Edward Said Orientalism is a term that explains the academic as well as artistic Western tradition concerning intimidating and deprecatory views of the East. At the eye of such frightening and deprecatory views of the East are the attitudes of European imperialism during the 18th and 19th centuries. Edward Said established the theoretical foundations for post-colonial studies by identifying how the West has characterised the East as the other since the Enlightenment. In all forms of cultural endeavour and enterprise, Europeans created the concept of an inferior Orient as opposed to a superior West. The boundaries between East and West have provided the locus for artistic hybrids and appropriations since classical times. In recent centuries, non-Western art has been perceived as exotic, dangerous, erotic and primitive. (Pooke and Newall, 211-12) Orientalism, as a term in art history, refers predominantly to the works of French artists in the 19th century, who selected the subject matter, colour and style of their artworks from the cultures of the Mediterranean nations and the Near East. Several critics and scholars in the field consider Orientalism as essentially an art history term.

SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

SWOT Analysis - Essay ExampleIt advances chess in the American culture through the hosting of the United States Championships.The performance of children and their character are improving. This is considered as strength. According to the mission states of the association, it aims at strengthening the character and the mind of the unexampled scholars. This result is a clear indication that the foundation is realizing its mission statement. This strength is distinctive as the change can be felt in the ideal nation. Strengthening the mind of children improves their academic performance. Also, the children affected pass on impact others and this guarantees the future of a nation. This shows that the government is beneficial to the nation (Allison et al., 2005).Since the organization is a nonprofit organization which is still achieving its goals, then its volunteers feel motivated. With motivated volunteers, there is the assurance of quality delivery from them. This will also attract more volunteers who will want to take for the organization. With a large number of volunteers, it means that the organization is saving quite an amount of money that could be utilized to meet its goals. Thus the organization will continue being a success, as good work force is vital for success (Allison et al., 2005).The nonprofit organization faces deficit of funds to cover its expenses. It cannot couple on the salaries of its for-profit competitors. The staff therefore, may not be motivated by the amount of money they earn and the founders, by the profits that they make. This lowers their compensation and diverts their focus on the expiation they get from their work. Since the foundation is realizing its goals and making an impact in the entire nation, this should motivate the founders and the staff. The organizations stakeholders should try to involve donors who provide funds and engage in activities that can raise funds for

Contract law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Contract law - Case Study ExampleAs Gavrilovic (2013) has noted, under the due south Schedule of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, a supplier party should make accommodations for the consumer as a way of fulfilling the spirit of reasonableness of contractual shapes. In light of these provisions, the University has provided Ms Edwards adequate accommodation of 20 discount on her weekly rental fee. This accommodation by the University renders her alleged unreasonableness of the institutions contract terms a, b and c in the tenancy agreement void.Regulation 5(1) of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 provides the definition of an unfair contractual term as one that has not had the input of the consumer or one that substantially impacts the rights and responsibilities of the parties to an extent that it creates an imbalance of the duties or one that negatively affects the spirit of good faith. In this case, Ms Edwards acceptable of the tenancy contract terms offer ed by the University against other less favourable options provided by the private sector can be construed to meanspirited as a student she negotiated for the lower rental fee (Toms, 2009).A contract term that results in significant imbalance and thus unfair to a consumer, requires that the condition has to be seen as detrimental to the consumer and extremely beneficial to the supplier in terms of profits (Gavrilovic, 2013). In this case, the University did not intend to benefit in any way whatsoever by limiting Ms Edwards and any other students desire to hold parties at bottom the institutions premises. In fact, the rule is part of the institutions duty of care in ensuring that the organizations assets including the human resources are safeguarded from any harm within the Universitys property. In light of this second rule, the contractual terms are fair and reasonable to the plaintiff.Lastly, the terms which the

Christianity and Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christianity and Islam - Essay ExampleOne should strongly uphold the values and teachings that Allah has taught them for these will serve as their guide to fulfilling a spiritually-rich life together with Allah. Since monotheism is get off the ground of the Islamic faith, Muslims is in continuous contention with the Trinitarian God that Christian faith believes. Islam would not allow anyone or any other being for that matter to be associated with Allah for they trust that Allah is incomparable and solitary.Angels are considered as the messengers of God. The existence of angels is generally acceptable as true among Muslims. Islam agrees that God has numerous angels who are good in nature. the Tempter is an exception to this generalization for he is the only angel who dared to refuse the fact that God has the Ultimate Power that Satan disobeyed His commands. An analogy is stated in the article to distinguish men from the angels. Angels are made of light while human beings are made o ut of clay. Jinns are described in this section as well. They are created by fire which is correlated with the power of speech or gift of tongues.Prophets and scriptures was the third doctrine on the article. Mohammad is named as the last descendant of the prophets who were assign to introduce and disseminate the scriptures to the people.

The Lake House Story Essay Example for Free

The Lake House Story EssayThe stories is about six hybrid children (bird/human) Max, Oz, Mathew, Ic, Peter and Wendy who were pull through from a place c all(prenominal)ed the Hospital. The children were rescued by a vet named Frannie ONeil and a FBI agent named Kit. After organism rescued by the couple the kids built a strong bond with Frannie and Kit after staying with them for sometime. The couple soon find themselves in court fighting for custody for the children from each of their biological parents. Even though the kids dearly want Kit and Frannie to be their parents the judge decides for them to be with their biological parents. All the kids hated being with their parents. Mathew was often bullied at school ,Peter and Wendy were used for commercials all the time, courtesy to their parents. On day a man named Ethan Kane, the man in charge of the Hospital tried to kidnap Max and Mathew. With their high intelligence and singular strength they managed to scarper to safety and meet up with the rest of the flock.Collectively the children fly to Frannies house. Later that night workers from the Hospital attempt to part into Frannies house. Frannie comes up with an escape plan and sets her house on fire hoping to create a diversion from the workers while she and the other children escape from the basement of her home. After they escape the kids and Frannie meet up with Kit. Kit then takes them all to his home in Washington where the Hospital is located. While Kit and Frannie are out running errands the kids once again digest a visit from the workers from the Hospital and get kidnapped. Oz is shot by a sniper trying to protect Max. Frannie and Kit try to protect the kids but are medicine and taken to the Hospital along with the children.Soon Max escapes and finds that patients are hooked up to holographic monitors, which takes the patients deep inside their dreams while their organs are being taken and used for the Resurrection of rich and famous peopl e . Max manages to rescue Kit, Frannie and the other kids, and they all escape. Although they try to expose the Hospital, all evidence of their experiments disappear. The next supplication hearing takes place a few days shortly after the whole Hospital catastrophy.The judge decides its best the children go with Frannie and Kit.The family rejoices and moves back to the Lake House. There, Frannie notices that Max has been in her room all morning. She goes to investigate and finds out that Max has laid two eggs. One night, Kane suprisingly breaks into Maxs room to steal the eggs. Max knocks him out of the window hoping shed break his neck. Four weeks later, the eggs hatch. The winged babies are a boy and a girl, who are name Ozymandias and Frances Jane. The book ends with Max thinking that she cant wait to apprise them how to fly.

Ethics, values, and social responsibility Essay Example for Free

Ethics, values, and social responsibility EssayIn the finance eye socket there argon a tally of honorable troubles although umteen issues in this field argon governed by law. Ethical issues in finance overwhelm individual conduct, financial institution operations and financial markets operations. In this field people are trained to perform different duties and so finance ethics is diversified. However, the top five issues in this field include honesty and fairness, hoax, conflicts of rice beer, variation and randomness technology. Honesty and fairness in this field has raised much dispute. Because of the intense competition in the world, many people charm the conditions in a business to be similar to those in a game of sport or war and thus anything is considered to be fair. On the opposite hand there are those who argue that not everything is considered to be honest and fair. This has therefore guide to good issues in this field regarding what is honest and fair a nd what is not. Conflicts of interest is mainly observed in situations where an individual is placed in a position of making a decision on whether to pursue personal interests or the interests of other individuals or business.Similar, it can involve an organization making a choice on whether to pursue own interests or the interest of the friendship. The issue concerning fraud primarily entails the disclosure of valuable knowledge which is vitally important for security. It also involves misrepresentation of material evidence intentionally. There are several types of fraud and this may include accounting, marketing and consumer fraud. Discrimination is an ethical issue which can involve an individual or a business. Some individuals or businesses abuse others by tempt them and exploiting them.In addition to that it may include issues regarding race, gender among others. To add to that there are some cases which involve price discrimination. In information technology, the issue ent ails the concealment and confidentiality of information on matters concerning the employees and consumers. Privacy and confidentiality is essential in this field however there may be some cases where it is not chequerd. This has therefore led to ethical issues concerning what is concealment. In addition to that there are ethical issues which involve protection of intellectual property.Ranking The top five issues can be arranged in descending prescribe as honest and fairness, conflict of interest, fraud, discrimination and information technology (College of Micronesia, n. d. ). Honesty and fairness are major issues since they affect all levels of an organization, and are much experienced by society. Further more, controlling this issue other issues will be taken care of. For instance, an organization which is honest and fair, issues concerning fraud, discrimination, conflict of interest and information technology are minimal. Analysis Honesty and fairnessIn the financial market f airness is taken to mean a level playing field for everyone. However, in most cases the playing field is unleveled and this can be attributed to issues concerning inequalities in the bargaining power, possession of information, resources available, among others. Inequalities in the bargaining power and resources are considered to be ethical only when used coercively and violate rights and obligations (Frederick, 2002). This implies that individuals or organization are only allowed to use their advantages in ways that are considered fair to others.Additionally, individuals can use their resources to study information which they are entitled to exploit to their advantage. This has made access to information an issue of investment thereby leading to inaccessibility to critical information by some individuals. To acquire information individual must invest adequate resources. Ethical issues arise over accessibility of information, how the information should be distributed to ensure equa lity. antic In sales concerning financial products like insurance policies, loans, mutual funds among others, application of ethical standards is a requirement.Hence businesses are given the mandate to ensure adequate material information is available. There are regulatory agencies which monitor prospectus for mutual funds, however, personal sales and advertisements can contain false or misleading information (Frederick, 2002). Additionally, this is an issue which has been observed in the stock market and in many businesses. Some individuals conceal valuable information to sweetening more customers to their businesses. For instance, in the stock market assets of a particular organization may be inflated or some of its liabilities may be concealed.This issue has led to large losses in many investment companies and to individuals (Frederick, 2002). Since assessing the risk and suitability for an investment has been made difficult with inadequate material information. Conflict of int erest This is issue which is primarily observed in agents, fiduciaries and financial managers, in which the personal interest interferes with the interests of the organization or society. Agents and fiduciaries are given the mandate to act on behalf of others in exercising judgment, however, in cases where they stand to gain personally their judgments may be compromised.Additionally, financial managers are given the mandate to manage assets prudently and thus suspend using them for personal gains however, in some cases conflict of interest might occur. For instance, management buyouts whereby a group of managers take a frequent organization to be private are an ethical issue. This issue occurs mainly since the actions to be performed by an individual are not fully specified before the transaction and thus an individual is given a wide range of options. In addition to that they are not closely monitored and evaluated. This has led to huge losses being incurred by individuals and co mpanies.For instance, some banks have collapse and this was attributed to rogue traders (Frederick, 2002). Discrimination This issue observed mainly in financial products and it involves abusive practices of selling such as flipping and twisting. In flipping one loan is replaced by another for generation of additional fees. While in twisting, insurance agents persuade their clients to replace the existing policy in order to get commission (Frederick, 2002). Some financial institution abuse poor individuals by offering them loans of high interest and by adding little values to lure them.Furthermore, in some institutions there are cases of discrimination in employment on matters concerning race and gender. Information technology Maintaining privacy and confidentiality of information in many business has been difficult because of the cost of technology. As technology advances it becomes more expensive to ensure privacy of employees and clients information. Furthermore, with the increas e in number of people of accessing the internet maintaining privacy and confidentiality has become difficult.This has therefore led to loss of confident by the public since they cannot trust some organizations to protect their personal information. Solutions and recommendations The issue of conflict of interests can be addressed by closely monitoring individuals and by changing the structure of the relationship. For instance, the commissions can be focused mainly on performance of the clients portfolios and not on the volumes of sales. Additionally, professionalism, trust and codes of ethics should be strongly emphasized in relationships in order to guarantee the confidence from the society.Fraud and discrimination issues can be puzzle out in courts. There are laws which were put in place in place to protect people against abuse or discrimination. For instance, the Employment Act protects employees against discrimination and harassment. Furthermore, the pre-dispute arbitration agre ement should be amended or individuals should avoid it. This agreement may have several advantages but denies adequate protection to investors. Maintaining privacy and confidentiality of clients and employees information require much funding.It is essential for organizations to invest more funds in acquiring knowledge and skills concerning privacy and confidentiality in the information technology. By ensuring privacy and confidentiality, public confidence will be build. Social responsibility is essential for ensuring ethical standards are maintained in the society. When making decisions, people should consider their effects to the society and to themselves. This will ensure that ethical issues are maintained. Additionally, since businesses cannot be trusted to maintain ethical standards, some laws have been passed to ensure social responsibility.For instance there are laws concerning consumer safety and environment protection. This is a step forward in ensuring ethical standards. Fu rthermore, there are some financial institutions which have developed and implemented stiff policies that ensure ethical standards are adhered. For instance there are policies concerning privacy and confidentiality of employees and customers information. In conclusion, maintenance of ethical standards should not be the responsibility of an individual or an organization but should involve the whole society.By maintaining ethical standards the society and organizations will be protected from any harm and at the same clipping eliminate conflict. Even though ethical standards vary from one society to another, they should be understood and maintained adequately.Reference listCollege of Micronesia, (n. d. ). Code of Ethics. Retrieved June 18, 2009 from http//www. comfsm. fm/dleeling/alo/ personnel department/code_of_ethics. html Frederick R. (2002). A companion to business ethics. Edition 1. New York Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 154-59.

Victorian Britain Essay Example for Free

Victorian Britain EssayIn Victorian times mess were more susceptible to cosmos lie to and were a lot more gullible, which is probably why they could believe a lot of the writing more. This is because the Victorians suspension of disbelief was far greater than any of ours today. The private detective Holmes mysteries were perfect for their time, but the Holmes character was also reflective of perfection, whereas in todays society we generally elect our characters to have more flaws, to make them appear more human, although shamus Holmes classically still appeals to many. The Cardboard Box describes Sherlock Holmes non only as a real good detective but also as an ear expert, which today we would not believe as very few people could be this clever or perfect, but then the Victorians liked it to be like that and they would believe it, each ear is as a rule quite distinctive, and differs from all other ones. In last years anthropological daybook you will find two short monogr aphs from my pen upon the subject. I had therefore examined the ears in the box with the eyes of an expert, and had carefully noted their anatomical peculiarities.Imagine my wonder then, when, on looking at Miss Cushion, I perceived that her ear corresponded exactly with the female ear which I had just inspected. This illustrates Sherlock Holmes talking active his make outledge of ears, such intelligence of which is highly unlikely if he is also admitted as being a very good detective. In The Man with the misshapen Lip, Holmes has somehow managed to figure step up that the dirty beggar, Boone, was in fact the well respected, upper class Neville St Clair Holmes stooped the water jug, moistened his sponge, and then rubbed it twice vigorously across and down the prisoners face.Let me introduce you he sh push throughed, to Mr Neville St Clair, of Lee, in the county of Kent. Somehow flush though it has deluded every other detective and policemen working on this crime, Holmes had managed to figure it out when no one else could. This again is highly unbelievable that he could have figured it out as he had an insufficient amount of clues. But what is even more unbelievable is from The Speckled Band, where all the clues Holmes had was a dog lead, a bowl of milk and a whistling sound.Somehow he managed to figure out that from this a snake was ordered by the whistling sounds and fed on the milk, and was controlled using the dog lead, and that the snake went up through a fake liberation into the next the bedroom and climbed down a fake price shape pull to bite the victim and then ordered congest by the whistle and tempted back into a safe by the saucer of milk. It is unlikely that anyone, even Sherlock Holmes, should have been able to figure that out with the clues he had. Finally he took the bell rope in his hand and gave it a brisk tug. Why its a dummy, said he. Wont it ring? No its not even attached to a wire. This is very interesting you hind end see now that it is fastened to a hook just above where the ventilator is. No one else had realised that the bell rope did not work, no one had even realised it wasnt hooked up to a wire but one quick look more or less the room by Holmes and was enough to see that it was not and he also noticed that there was a fake ventilator when he didnt even know where it led to. All these things show us that many people of Victorian Britain were a lot more susceptible to unbelievable things whereas today we tend to prefer things to be more realistic and more huma.We prefer a character to be flawed, whereas Victorians preferred their characters to be perfect, e. g. Sherlock Holmes. So, in conclusion the Sherlock Holmes stories can tell us a lot about Victorian Britain. We can identify that it was a place where class was everything, and that you should stay in the class you were born(p) into. The upper class citizens were the people that mainly read these books and they appeared to like the seedier s ide of things, as they thought it was a true aspect of what really happened, which they preferred not to accept, but if it was in a book it was acceptable.The British people thought that they were better than every other ethnic group and saw it as being okay to discriminate against them and be racist whereas today we would not accept it and it is a crime. There was a lot more common crime in those times as well, which came up a lot in the stories as each was based around a crime, with even the higher class people committing crimes like going to opium dens among other things. Poverty as well was a lot more rampant in the Victorian times as no one seemed to be bothered about the poor, as it was part of their everyday life to be or to see a lot of poverty in the streets.The stories also told us about the Victorians love of all things gothic, the architecture, dark clothes and writing gothic writing contained a lot of murder, ghosts, evilness and darkness. They were also represent as b eing a lot more gullible than we are today and would believe almost anything that they were told in stories and were not bothered if it did not seem real. We can see this from Holmes perfect character and how he did not even have one flaw. To summarise, Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories combine many elements which give us a very good representation of Victorian life.

Analysis of Privacy Perception Among Open Plan Office Users

Analysis of solitude Perception Among Open Plan Office UsersCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONWhat is an Office?Offices be doing lays designed for regular utilize to achieve personal, assort or organizational goals through the accomplishment of tasks. Sanders and McCormick, (2002) go on to state that these tasks sack be group into cognitive, physical, social or procedural tasks. The section runs a location for contact and could in addition be a re put upory for tools, information and some other resources required to attend business objectives. It is alike a business resource, this a point most lot fail to understand thus, the failure to properly design and evaluate bailiwick spaces.The act as place or use is cardinal of the places the modern man spends the bulk of his waking hours. Sanders and McCormick, (2002) say almost half of ones waking hours are played out in and around the locating. This would try ex visualizeation for enquiry efforts into the design and utilizat ion of offices.According to Myerson and Ross (2003) the office grew out of the accompanimentory and because fol pocket-sizeed the trend of bureaucratization of fabrication. Thus, offices take been becharmed differently by users and companies. Some view it as an address, others as a necessary evil just to others it is considered to be an asset. Bjerrum and Bdker (2003) put downd that the design of an office was habitu whollyy considered as a personify and done to support quiet hold out and also show peoples status. While the purpose of the New office is to be that of attracting and retaining rung as well as to revolutionalize corporate nuance.Work places or offices have been described variously as conventional, traditional, and limitingd or circulate program offices. Some, group them as outsized or sm in all, landscaped etc. (Sanders and McCormick, 2002). The general descriptions of workspaces fall under the categories of bold be after and cellular offices and thi s is based on the architectural and operating(a) features of the work spaces (Duffy, Laing and Crisp, 1992). other descriptions and com bitmentalization of offices involve the hive which is suited to individual processes. The den suited to group processes. The cell designed for concentrated study age the club supports transactional acquaintance (Sailer, Budgen, Lonsdale, turner and Penn, 2009). at that place are other descriptions of office types for role model, Myerson and Ross (2003) from an architectural point of view, showed that views of property and space as cogitate to the office environment have been evolving and as such, they delineate four thematic categories of offices namely narrative which presents the office as a brand experience. Nodal where the office as association connector. The neighbourly theme sees the office as a social landscape and lastly nomadic office as distributed work space these grouping reflect to a greater extent than of necessity and corporate nicety non necessarily a collection of generally practically replicable models.In just about other categorization of offices by Myerson and Ross (2006) is based on the fact that the offices evolved to suit knowledge workers, as such, the categories match each of the four realms of knowledge work namely the academy is standardisedned to the corporate realm which is a more than collegiate and collaborative near to work, guild the professional realm in essence a professional cluster of peers overlap a attainment or specialization, square the public realm where the corporation is centripetal to the city or the market place and the lodge the domestic or cloak-and-dagger realm more of the rifle and work setting. In the general scheme of things offices are quench broadly classified into open air protrude and hole-and-corner(a) or cellular offices all other forms are variations of the devil.Cellular OfficesAlso called closed offices, this type of offices are the traditional or conventional offices which are usually closed and mysterious workspaces (Maher and von Hippel, 2005) i.e. they are designed with floor to ceiling walls, a door and dimensioned for a single user. This type of office is also called a cell-office and stern be a share room office, used by 2-3 persons (Danielsson, 2008). This has been the generally accepted, traditional or popular sense of the place called an office.Open Plan OfficesThese are found to be a common workspace shared by a group of employees. The original externalize of the open conception office has continued to evolve, but it is the absence of floor-to-ceiling walls that is said to be the primary property of open-plan offices. The arrangements of office furniture, leaveitions, screens, office equipment, or plants mark out individual and available work areas (Valesny and Farace, 1987). ace of the strengths of the open plan office correspond to Bjerrum and Bdker (2003) is the openness and flexibili ty allowing one to give notice to where things are happening and allowing for overhearing and over-seeing (p. 207) thus enhancing peripheral participation.Other types of the open plan office let in the bull pen office, action offices, landscaped offices (Sanders and McCormick, 2002). In the bull pen offices, the work desks are arranged in urbane row as farther as the eyes shag see.In reality, most firms have a mix of office typologies ranging from cellular units designed for a single user to a small room office shared by a few people whence the spaces shared with a large group with or without specifically assigned work places and with varying measures of visual and audio silence.Recent Developments in Open Plan OfficesIt is safe to argue that, the open plan office has fashion progressively popular (de Korte, Kuijt-Evers and Vink, 2007 Ding, 2008 Oldham and Brass, 1979 Pejtersen, all in allermann, Kristensen and Poulsen, 2006 etc.) and several(prenominal) reasons could be a dvanced to explain the widespread credence and use of the open plan offices and its variations.There is also a move to wards a lessening in open plan office workspaces especially in the United States of America due to the understanding that smaller workstations are cheaper to respect (Dykes, 2011) this according to Veitch, Charles, Farley and Newsham (2007) is because on that point is a failure in understanding the full value of the physical office environment and link issues in open plan offices in particular.Advantages of open plan officesSearches through literature (Danielsson, 2008 Oldham and Brass, 1979 Pan and Micheal, 2007 Roper and Juneja, 2008 Valesny and Farace, 1987 etc.) present the following as reasons for the adoption of open plan offices. They include decrease in office space and cost decline The price of real estate is predicated on the area rented and utilized. With organizations using term of a contract spaces, it is cheaper to use the rented floor or floors a s open plan offices. In most cases, the cost of partitioning is saved if an open plan set up is deployed fully or partly. tractableness for organizational changes The open plan office lends itself to easy restructuring of work areas. In most cases, it is easier to fit in one more members of lag (Sanders and McCormick, 2002).More good work flow and communication Some jobs require continuous team work, face to face interaction and a comparatively high level of daily procedures. For such work groups, the open plan office or variations thereof are usually recommended and deployed. The enhancement of some level of peripheral participation is one of the strengths of the open plan office.Possible enhancement of social facilitation The enhancement of collaboration i.e. the fostering of a team spirit, where, work teams or task forces are close to one another and can quickly form a huddle to sort out problems without resorting to information technology edible like the intercom, emails, ph ones, video conferencing or even the walk up to another office. Oldham and Brass, (1979) specifically examined interpersonal issues that included intradepartmental and interdepartmental interaction, friendship opportunities, noting that supervisor and co worker feed fundament could be improved.Ease of supervision There is an ease of supervision, in that, a look over the landscape of the office can give an idea as to who is present and what each member of staff is doing.Limitations of open plan offices.Regarding the limitations of open-plan office designs, Maher and von Hippel (2005) rightly point out the fact that in open plan office layouts distractions and overstimulation are intrinsically consorted to the design. These issues have consistently been themain down sides of open plan offices and some of them includeincrease workplace psychological disorder (Pan and Michael, 2007). change magnitude disturbances and distractions.Increased feelings of crowding and loss of retirement .There is a reduction in autonomy and task identity and a reduction in supervisor and co worker feedback in trustworthy cases (Oldham and Brass, 1979).One point of agreement in open plan office research is that there is a generally low level of perceive privateness in open plan offices, as interruptions and distractions of the visual and acoustic kind occur oft eras in open plan offices. (Pejtersen et al. 2006 Roper and Juneja, 2008)Furthermore, researchers have observed that these negative outcomes resulting from the adoption of the open plan office design tends to result in dissatisfaction with work and the workplace thus, reducing functional efficiency, decreasing performance, especially, for non routine tasks and also, reduced feedback from supervisors due to some interlacingity with the freedom of communication (de Korte et al. 2007 Pejtersen et al. 2006 Sundstrom et al. 1982 Vischer, 2007 ). This understanding has led some organizations to get off returning to the traditi onal private offices i.e. with floor to ceiling partitions assigned to an individual (Roper and Juneja 2008).Evolving nature of office workAlso worthy of note, is the evolution of work patterns. An increasingly large number of persons work mainly at or from home and visit the office sparingly. This has apt(p) rise to the several types of offices one of which is the flex-office, which is dimensioned for less than 70% of the total company staff to be in at the same time. Another design is the combi-office where a member of staff is not assigned to a specific desk but sharing of common facilities provides the spatial definition of such an individuals work space i.e. the task and personnel at hand may check up on the sitting arrangement of persons in the office (Danielsson, 2008).Thesis OverviewThe thesis is organized in to 5 chapters Chapter one provides an introduction the concept of an office, its major types and variations. It then focuses on the open plan office and then highligh ts the strengths and limitations of the open plan office.Chapter two provides a literature review of the concept of privacy percept it reviews the perceived benefits of privacy and then traces the expectation that privacy knowledge could be influenced by culture. Significant studies related to dissatisfaction with open plan offices are examined for possible links to culture. The discussion then moves to culture, its definition and then the attempts make in the classification of culture. The Hofstede paradigm is then discussed and some studies employing the paradigm are reviewed. The research motivation and hypotheses are presented.Chapter iii discusses the methodological analysis of the study, the survey method, issues noted and the take exception expected. The source and design of the questionnaire was presented and the analysis methods proposed. The statistical analysis tool was briefly introduced.Chapter four shows the procedure of the survey, documents the responses received , analyzed the data imperturbable from the general information part of the questionnaire and then chronicles the statistical analysis of the second part of the questionnaire designed to elicit privacy perception in open plan office environments.Chapter five provides a discussion of the results obtained in chapter five and then presents the limitations of the current study while providing directions for further work.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWThis part of the thesis discusses the links amongst privacy perceptions and culture. It also includes definitions and explanations of some related terms. Lastly, it includes a presentation of some ideas relevant to the work and results of related studies.The chapter concludes with the research question, research hypothesis and the motivation for the study. screen PerceptionIn order to facilitate a better understanding, the term privacy is restored firstly then the concept called perception. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary ( 2011), privacy is said to be the quality or state of being isolated from company or observation. Wikipedia defines perception as the process of attaining awareness or understanding of receptive information. It goes on to say what one perceives is a result of interplays amongst past experiences, including ones culture, and the rendition of the perceived.Privacy is a very(prenominal) difficult concept or construct to define not to talk of evaluating, it has commanded interest from the fields of anthropology, architecture, cultural geography, environmental design, ethology, history, law, philosophy, and sociology, as well as branches psychological science such as clinical, counseling, developmental, educational, environmental and social psychology (Newell, 1995 1998).Newell (1995) in her extensive review of the concept of privacy divided the perspectives of privacy into, people touch on, place centered and the person-environment or the person-place interaction with the primary inte rest on the place, people or equally on the person and place and or with the interaction itself. Leino-Kilpi et al. (2001 p. 664) in another review of literature on privacy noted that perspectives applied to the analysis of the concepts of privacy to beThe units experiencing privacy. They go on to note the unit experiencing privacy can be both an individual or a group, or both.Desired Achieved privacy. This is explained by the understanding that the concept of privacy is either seen as a natural state or studied as an achieved state (Newell, 1998).Reactive Proactive privacy. This is to say the assert of communication and also the control of knowledge.Furthermore, they describe the dimensions of privacy to include physical, psychological, social and informational thus, suggesting privacy dimensions to be made up of four quadrants of the diagram as shown in figure 2.1 below..Source Leino-Kilpi et al. (2001)It would be seen that in an open plan office all the dimensions of privacy as enumerated look 2.1 above are impinged upon First, physical approachability to the person is unrestricted. Secondly, the cognitive intrusions erupt due to audio and visual distractions. Thirdly, it is more difficult to control social contacts for example, the choice of participants for interaction, the interaction frequency, length and content of the said interaction. Then finally, the ease with which certain private pieces of information close to the person is easily accessible is a problem in open plan offices, after all, most open plan offices do not have a single route of access or a door to the work space. So, it is difficult to mark and nurture ones filth and as such protect some form of private information from would be trespassers (Anjum, Paul and Ashcroft, 2004).In the light of these perspectives, one of the definitions of privacy suggested is that privacy is a voluntary and temporary discipline of separation from the public domain (Newell, 1998, p. 357).Oldham, Kulick and Stepina (1991) highlighted the fact that individuals reacted negatively to environments characterized by few enclosures, closeness and high density because such environments undecided individuals to too many friendless or uncontrolled intrusions.It is also agreed that, the perception of the work environment manoeuvres to satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the work and the work environment. Fischer, Tarquinio and Vischer (2004, p.132 ) posit that the there are three major categories of mediating influences on workplace satisfaction and these are, individual differences like culture, age, professional or status, organizational place setting and environmental features.All these issues could be further grouped into two internal and external factors as relates to the individual. These two descriptions could be mapped to the two ingredients required for a need for privacy to last i.e. a person or persons and a place. Sanders and McCormick (2002, p. 485) also point out t hat apart from the physical features of the built environment, people are influenced by nonphysical features like social, cultural, technological, economic and political factors characteristic of the environment.External FactorsThese are the place factors, usually described as the environmental or design issues which can lead to noise distractions, visual distractions, interruptions, crowding and accessibility issues (Ding, S. 2008). Due to the absence of internal walls, the low height of walls or partitions in open plan offices influences privacy the more enclosures, the refuse the people per given space and the higher the partitions, the higher the privacy perceived (Danielsson 2008 Oldham, G. R et al. 1991 Sundstrom, Herbert and Brown, 1982 etc.).Organizational context is also considered to be an external factor. This involves the type of industry involved by the organization. For example doctors consulting rooms should provide more audio privacy compared to an architectural fir ms offices or design studios.Internal FactorsThis grouping is based on the person factors or what goes on at heart the person, the suggestion that individual differences related to but not restricted to personality traits, gender, individual experience etc. touch ones perception of, and hence the paygrade of the work environment (external or place factors). Some studies have found that variations exist across gender in perception of privacy in the open plan office (Yildirim, Akalin-Baskaya and Celebi, 2007). Also, in a different cross cultural study of privacy, Newell (1998) found that privacy was more a condition of the person thus, the succession of the experience and the change on the person as a result of the experience leads to its suspected therapeutic effect. In general perceptions and attitudes to privacy, she found that gender also played a part especially within cultures.Maher and von Hippel (2005) and others before them showed that individual differences in the abil ity to handle overstimulation by the applications programme stimulus screening and restrictive abilities influenced the perceptions of the work environment. These inhibitory skills are cognitive in nature and such inhibitory skills are found to vary between individuals and even especially across cultures. For example, dorm (1966) points out that the Japanese are said to be content with paper walls as acoustic screens while the Dutch and Germans require thick walls and recur doors to serve as acoustic screens.Benefits of Privacy in the work EnvironmentNewell (1998, p. 359) relates the need for privacy to help in maintaining wakeless internal physiological and cognitive functioning subjectively described as wellbeing. The study concluded that achieving the perceived privacy had some therapeutic effects.On the area of performance, especially for knowledge workers like engineers, accountants, software designers, decision makers etc., auditory and visual distraction have been found t o be a cause of focal point and even performance terms (Roper and Juneja, 2008). Furthermore, Oommen, Knowles and Zhao (2008) point to the likelihood of aggression and increased instances of eye, nose and throat irritations while working in open plan environments. This in turn affects productivity. finaleCulture is said to be the room of life of a group of people. This, among other things covers their beliefs, set, norms and rituals. Specifically, Hofstede (2009 p. 1) points out that culture is the collective programming of the genius that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from the others and it manifests itself in the form of symbols, heroes, rituals and values. Earlier, an American anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his books, talked close to language and especially modes of communication as a point of differentiating cultures (Hall E.T 1966 1976). He even considered language to be the core of culture while, Geert Hofstede considers language as a par t of the rituals of a particular culture (Hofstede, 2010). This goes to point out some of the existing disagreements somewhat what culture is and even how it comes about.Culture is thus, studied as a means of understanding or cast off light into the behavior or reactions of individuals or people groups. Edward Hall in his book the hidden dimension writes that people from different cultures inhabit different sensory worlds, so that experience, as it is perceived through one set of culturally patterned sensory screens is quite different from experience perceived through another. (1966, p. 2). This highlights and explains the link between culture and perception generally and in spatial terms especially.Classifying CulturesThere have been several descriptions and models of culture (Matsumoto and Yoo, 2006 Hall, 1966 1970), for example, Hall (1966) alludes to contact and non-contact groups or cultures in relation to spatial meanings and preferences within people groups . This is relate d to the social dimension of privacy (Leino-Kilpi et al. 2001), but he especially specifies high and low context cultures according to their ways of communicating.For the high context (HC) culture or communication for that matter, much of the information is implicit while, in the low context (LC) culture, nearly everything is explicit. He also wrote about the concept of time among cultures (Hall, 1976). Where there are polychronic (P-time) and monochronic (M-Time) cultures the M-time society or culture would prefer to do only one thing at a time when serious i.e. for such persons, time is linear and segmented with each activity scheduled while, the individuals in a P-time culture can juggle several activities, they emphasize the involvement of people and the completion of tasks rather than schedules.Edward T. Hall coined the term Proxemics which he describes as interrelated observations and theories of mans use of space as a specialize elaboration of culture Hall (1966 p. 1). In ex plaining his observations in proxemic behavior (Hall, 1963 p. 1003) he notes that what is close to an American may be distant to an Arab.Many other researchers and individuals apart from Edward Hall had worked on other frameworks and dimensions of culture. Matsumoto and Yoo, (2006) lists some of these frameworks which are interestingly identified by the names of the researchers that discovered them and this list which is not exhaustive, includesHofstedes (1980) with subsequent revisions and dimensions added Schwartz (2004) who presented seven common value predilections, Smith, Dugan and Trompenaars (1996) had two general value preferences House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman and Gupta (2003) came up with nine value drutherss related to leadership Inglehart (1997) had two attitude-belief-value orientations, attachment et al. (2004) is said to have reported two social axioms. All cited in Matsumoto and Yoo, (2006 p. 239).The listing above does not mention each of the dimensions. The d imensions of each framework listed are found in put off 2.1 below.Table 2.1 Six Theoretical Frameworks for world-wide Dimensions of Cultural VariabilityFrameworkDimensionsHofstedes (2001) dimensions ofwork-related valuesIndividualism vs. collectivismPower distanceUncertainty avoidance masculinity vs. femininityLong- vs. short-term orientationSchwartzs (2004) dimensions ofvaluesEmbeddednessHierarchyIntellectual autonomyAffective autonomyEgalitarianismMasteryHarmonySmith, Dugan, and Trompenaarss(1996) dimensions of valuesEgalitarian commitment vs. conservativismUtilitarian involvement vs. loyal involvementHouse, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, andGuptas (2003) dimensions ofleadership valuesPerformance orientationAssertiveness orientation futurity orientationHuman orientationInstitutional collectivismFamily collectivismGender egalitarianismPower distanceUncertainty avoidanceIngleharts (1997) dimensions ofattitudes, values, and beliefsTraditional vs. secular-rational orientationSurvival vs. self-expression valuesBond et al.s (2004) dimensionsof social axioms (beliefs)Dynamic externalitySocietal cynicismSource (Matsumoto, D and Yoo, S. H, 2006 p. 240)National versus Organizational cultureAs a society has a culture, so do organizations and such organizations employ staff who come from a particular culture(s). The organizations then require these individuals to work in offices. isolated from the culture description related to issue boundaries, there is a culture that seems to characterize workplaces or organizations and this is called organizational or corporate culture.Barney (1986) notes that like culture itself, organizational culture has many competing definitions and then goes on to suggest that a generally acceptable definition of organizational culture to be as a complex set of values, beliefs, assumptions, and symbols that define the way in which a firm conducts its business. (p. 657). He goes on to point the pervasive nature of organizational culture in that, it helps to define the relationship of the firm to parties it comes in contact with through its business. This simply shows that culture within the work place especially geared towards profitability or the bestowal of advantages could be termed organizational or corporate culture. Generally it will be assumed that the national culture will also play a part.Guidroz, Kotrba, and Denison (2009) from results of a study of multinational companies, aim that their study seems to point to organizational culture superseding national culture in diversity management practices. The issue in question in this thesis is not exactly a management matter but the individual perception of privacy in the open plan office environments and would suggest that both national and organizational cultures playing a part because according to (Brand, 2009) the design of the workspace or workplace communicates the corporate culture of the organization meaning, the adoption of the open plan environment can be tie d to the organizations corporate culture.Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsThis is a hugely popular cross-cultural model (Gerhart and Fang, 2005 Hofstede et al, 2010 Sivakumar, Nakata, 2001) currently in use, with its roots in industrial psychology (Meeuwesen, van den Brink-Muinen and Hofstede, 2009) is called the Hofstedes model of culture named after Geert Hofstede a Dutch emeritus Professor of organizational anthropology and worldwide management in the Netherlands.Hofstedes work highlighted the fact that culture is manifested through symbols, heroes, rituals and values. But, Hofstede argues that values form the core of culture as represented by the Hofstede culture onion in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2 shows the onion bodily structure graphically illustrating the manifestation of culture at different levels and even the interactions therein.As seen from Figure 2.2 above symbols, heroes and rituals are by themselves visible to all observers. It is the cultural meanings of the practices th at are open to interpretation by the observer while, values are unseen or embedded within the person but they still subtly determine choices and much more (Hofstede et al., 2010). Hofstedes research studied value survey responses of similar respondents from different countries as to their approach, as related to four base problems prevalent in most societies (Meeuwesen et. al, 2009) these includedHandling social inequalities in the society.The approach to dealing with uncertainty in general.The structure of the relationship between an individual and the group.The emotional role division between the male and females in a society.The initial data for Hofstedes culture study came about through an analysis of global Business Machine Company (IBM) staff surveys at a time, the company was called Hermes. He utilized the responses from routine staff surveys about values and related matters to provide ratings for countries on each of what he then called the four dimensions of culture.This was achieved by examining correlations between mean wads of questionnaire items at the level of countries. Other approaches, like analysis at the individual level did not provide much useful information (Hofstede, 2009). Later, certain studies showed the need for another dimension and this lead to the inclusion of a twenty percent dimension called, foresightful term orientation.Each dimension of culture score for a country is calculated using a scale of roughly 0 to 100 for each dimension. A dimension of culture is an aspect of culture that can be measured relative to other cultures (Hofstede, 2009 p. 6) and the higher the score of a dimension, the more that dimension is exhibited in the society or nation in question while for lower scores the opposer pole of the dimension is more pronounced. Thus, the scores are therefore bipolar (Jones, 2007)In a 2010 book, Greet Hofstede, his son Gert Jan Hofstede and a research collaborator Micheal Minkov reviewed in the beginning works, al ongside their recent studies and added a 6th dimension called indulgence versus restraint (IVR) to the previously known Hofstedes five dimensions of culture. The sixth dimension was largely as a result of the work of Micheal Minkov (Hofstede et al., 2010).The six dimensions of Hofstedes cultural model now include power distance (PDI), individualism (IDV), masculinity (MAS), uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), long term orientation (LTO), and the deep added indulgence (IVR).Power distance (PDI).This indicates the degree of inequality that exists and is accepted among the persons with and without power i.e. the leadership versus the followership respectively as normal and current in any given society. If the power distance scores are high, it indicates a pyramidal or hierarchical system where the power is resident at the top while, lower scores indicate greater equality suggesting power is shared and spread within the group.Individualism (IDV).This is related to the seAnalysis of Pr ivacy Perception Among Open Plan Office UsersAnalysis of Privacy Perception Among Open Plan Office UsersCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONWhat is an Office?Offices are workspaces designed for regular use to achieve personal, group or organizational goals through the accomplishment of tasks. Sanders and McCormick, (2002) go on to state that these tasks can be grouped into cognitive, physical, social or procedural tasks. The office provides a location for contact and could also be a repository for tools, information and other resources required to meet business objectives. It is also a business resource, this a point most people fail to understand thus, the failure to properly design and evaluate work spaces.The work place or office is one of the places the modern man spends the bulk of his waking hours. Sanders and McCormick, (2002) say almost half of ones waking hours are spent in and around the office. This would provide explanation for research efforts into the design and utilization of office s.According to Myerson and Ross (2003) the office grew out of the factory and then followed the trend of bureaucratization of industry. Thus, offices have been viewed differently by users and companies. Some view it as an address, others as a necessary evil but to others it is considered to be an asset. Bjerrum and Bdker (2003) noted that the design of an office was mostly considered as a cost and done to support quiet work and also show peoples status. While the purpose of the New office is to be that of attracting and retaining staff as well as to revolutionalize corporate culture.Work places or offices have been described variously as conventional, traditional, and closed or open plan offices. Some, group them as large or small, landscaped etc. (Sanders and McCormick, 2002). The general descriptions of workspaces fall under the categories of open plan and cellular offices and this is based on the architectural and functional features of the work spaces (Duffy, Laing and Crisp, 19 92).Other descriptions and categorization of offices include the hive which is suited to individual processes. The den suited to group processes. The cell designed for concentrated study while the club supports transactional knowledge (Sailer, Budgen, Lonsdale, Turner and Penn, 2009). There are other descriptions of office types for example, Myerson and Ross (2003) from an architectural point of view, showed that views of property and space as related to the office environment have been evolving and as such, they identify four thematic categories of offices namely narrative which presents the office as a brand experience. Nodal where the office as knowledge connector. The neighborly theme sees the office as a social landscape and lastly nomadic office as distributed work space these grouping reflect more of necessity and corporate culture not necessarily a collection of generally practically replicable models.In another categorization of offices by Myerson and Ross (2006) is based o n the fact that the offices evolved to suit knowledge workers, as such, the categories match each of the four realms of knowledge work namely the academy is likened to the corporate realm which is a more collegiate and collaborative approach to work, guild the professional realm in essence a professional cluster of peers sharing a skill or specialization, agora the public realm where the corporation is open to the city or the market place and the lodge the domestic or private realm more of the live and work setting. In the general scheme of things offices are still broadly classified into open plan and private or cellular offices all other forms are variations of the two.Cellular OfficesAlso called closed offices, this type of offices are the traditional or conventional offices which are usually closed and private workspaces (Maher and von Hippel, 2005) i.e. they are designed with floor to ceiling walls, a door and dimensioned for a single user. This type of office is also called a cell-office and can be a shared room office, used by 2-3 persons (Danielsson, 2008). This has been the generally accepted, traditional or popular understanding of the place called an office.Open Plan OfficesThese are found to be a common workspace shared by a group of employees. The original concept of the open plan office has continued to evolve, but it is the absence of floor-to-ceiling walls that is said to be the primary characteristic of open-plan offices. The arrangements of office furniture, partitions, screens, office equipment, or plants mark out individual and functional work areas (Valesny and Farace, 1987).One of the strengths of the open plan office according to Bjerrum and Bdker (2003) is the openness and flexibility allowing one to move to where things are happening and allowing for overhearing and over-seeing (p. 207) thus enhancing peripheral participation.Other types of the open plan office include the bull pen office, action offices, landscaped offices (Sanders a nd McCormick, 2002). In the bull pen offices, the work desks are arranged in neat row as far as the eyes can see.In reality, most firms have a mix of office typologies ranging from cellular units designed for a single user to a small room office shared by a few people then the spaces shared with a large group with or without specifically assigned work places and with varying measures of visual and audio privacy.Recent Developments in Open Plan OfficesIt is safe to argue that, the open plan office has become increasingly popular (de Korte, Kuijt-Evers and Vink, 2007 Ding, 2008 Oldham and Brass, 1979 Pejtersen, Allermann, Kristensen and Poulsen, 2006 etc.) and several reasons could be advanced to explain the widespread adoption and use of the open plan offices and its variations.There is also a move to wards a reduction in open plan office workspaces especially in the United States of America due to the understanding that smaller workstations are cheaper to maintain (Dykes, 2011) this according to Veitch, Charles, Farley and Newsham (2007) is because there is a failure in understanding the full value of the physical office environment and related issues in open plan offices in particular.Advantages of open plan officesSearches through literature (Danielsson, 2008 Oldham and Brass, 1979 Pan and Micheal, 2007 Roper and Juneja, 2008 Valesny and Farace, 1987 etc.) present the following as reasons for the adoption of open plan offices. They includeReduction in office space and cost decline The price of real estate is predicated on the area rented and utilized. With organizations using rental spaces, it is cheaper to use the rented floor or floors as open plan offices. In most cases, the cost of partitioning is saved if an open plan set up is deployed fully or partly.Flexibility for organizational changes The open plan office lends itself to easy restructuring of work areas. In most cases, it is easier to fit in one more members of staff (Sanders and McCormick, 2002). More efficient work flow and communication Some jobs require continuous team work, face to face interaction and a relatively high level of routine procedures. For such work groups, the open plan office or variations thereof are usually recommended and deployed. The enhancement of some level of peripheral participation is one of the strengths of the open plan office.Possible enhancement of social facilitation The enhancement of collaboration i.e. the fostering of a team spirit, where, work teams or task forces are close to one another and can quickly form a huddle to sort out problems without resorting to information technology provisions like the intercom, emails, phones, video conferencing or even the walk up to another office. Oldham and Brass, (1979) specifically examined interpersonal issues that included intradepartmental and interdepartmental interaction, friendship opportunities, noting that supervisor and co worker feed back could be improved.Ease of supervision There is an ease of supervision, in that, a look over the landscape of the office can give an idea as to who is present and what each member of staff is doing.Limitations of open plan offices.Regarding the limitations of open-plan office designs, Maher and von Hippel (2005) rightly point out the fact that in open plan office layouts distractions and overstimulation are intrinsically linked to the design. These issues have consistently been themain down sides of open plan offices and some of them includeIncreased workplace noise (Pan and Michael, 2007).Increased disturbances and distractions.Increased feelings of crowding and loss of privacy.There is a reduction in autonomy and task identity and a reduction in supervisor and co worker feedback in certain cases (Oldham and Brass, 1979).One point of agreement in open plan office research is that there is a generally low level of perceived privacy in open plan offices, as interruptions and distractions of the visual and acoustic kind occur frequen tly in open plan offices. (Pejtersen et al. 2006 Roper and Juneja, 2008)Furthermore, researchers have observed that these negative outcomes resulting from the adoption of the open plan office design tends to result in dissatisfaction with work and the workplace thus, reducing functional efficiency, decreasing performance, especially, for non routine tasks and also, reduced feedback from supervisors due to some complexity with the freedom of communication (de Korte et al. 2007 Pejtersen et al. 2006 Sundstrom et al. 1982 Vischer, 2007 ). This understanding has led some organizations to begin returning to the traditional private offices i.e. with floor to ceiling partitions assigned to an individual (Roper and Juneja 2008).Evolving nature of office workAlso worthy of note, is the evolution of work patterns. An increasingly large number of persons work mainly at or from home and visit the office sparingly. This has given rise to the several types of offices one of which is the flex-offi ce, which is dimensioned for less than 70% of the total company staff to be in at the same time. Another design is the combi-office where a member of staff is not assigned to a specific desk but sharing of common facilities provides the spatial definition of such an individuals work space i.e. the task and personnel at hand may determine the sitting arrangement of persons in the office (Danielsson, 2008).Thesis OverviewThe thesis is organized in to 5 chapters Chapter one provides an introduction the concept of an office, its major types and variations. It then focuses on the open plan office and then highlights the strengths and limitations of the open plan office.Chapter two provides a literature review of the concept of privacy perception it reviews the perceived benefits of privacy and then traces the expectation that privacy perception could be influenced by culture. Significant studies related to dissatisfaction with open plan offices are examined for possible links to culture. The discussion then moves to culture, its definition and then the attempts made in the classification of culture. The Hofstede paradigm is then discussed and some studies employing the paradigm are reviewed. The research motivation and hypotheses are presented.Chapter three discusses the methodology of the study, the survey method, issues noted and the challenge expected. The source and design of the questionnaire was presented and the analysis methods proposed. The statistical analysis tool was briefly introduced.Chapter four shows the procedure of the survey, documents the responses received, analyzed the data collected from the general information part of the questionnaire and then chronicles the statistical analysis of the second part of the questionnaire designed to elicit privacy perception in open plan office environments.Chapter five provides a discussion of the results obtained in chapter five and then presents the limitations of the current study while providing direction s for further work.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWThis part of the thesis discusses the links between privacy perceptions and culture. It also includes definitions and explanations of some related terms. Lastly, it includes a presentation of some ideas relevant to the work and results of related studies.The chapter concludes with the research question, research hypothesis and the motivation for the study.Privacy PerceptionIn order to facilitate a better understanding, the term privacy is defined firstly then the concept called perception. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary (2011), privacy is said to be the quality or state of being apart from company or observation. Wikipedia defines perception as the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information. It goes on to say what one perceives is a result of interplays between past experiences, including ones culture, and the interpretation of the perceived.Privacy is a very difficult concept or construct to define not to talk of evaluating, it has commanded interest from the fields of anthropology, architecture, cultural geography, environmental design, ethology, history, law, philosophy, and sociology, as well as branches psychology such as clinical, counseling, developmental, educational, environmental and social psychology (Newell, 1995 1998).Newell (1995) in her extensive review of the concept of privacy divided the perspectives of privacy into, people centered, place centered and the person-environment or the person-place interaction with the primary interest on the place, people or equally on the person and place and or with the interaction itself. Leino-Kilpi et al. (2001 p. 664) in another review of literature on privacy noted that perspectives applied to the analysis of the concepts of privacy to beThe units experiencing privacy. They go on to note the unit experiencing privacy can be either an individual or a group, or both.Desired Achieved privacy. This is explained by t he understanding that the concept of privacy is either seen as a subjective state or studied as an achieved state (Newell, 1998).Reactive Proactive privacy. This is to say the control of communication and also the control of knowledge.Furthermore, they describe the dimensions of privacy to include physical, psychological, social and informational thus, suggesting privacy dimensions to be made up of four quadrants of the diagram as shown in figure 2.1 below..Source Leino-Kilpi et al. (2001)It would be seen that in an open plan office all the dimensions of privacy as enumerated Figure 2.1 above are impinged upon First, physical accessibility to the person is unrestricted. Secondly, the cognitive intrusions abound due to audio and visual distractions. Thirdly, it is more difficult to control social contacts for example, the choice of participants for interaction, the interaction frequency, length and content of the said interaction. Then finally, the ease with which certain private pi eces of information about the person is easily accessible is a problem in open plan offices, after all, most open plan offices do not have a single route of access or a door to the work space. So, it is difficult to mark and protect ones territory and as such protect some form of private information from would be trespassers (Anjum, Paul and Ashcroft, 2004).In the light of these perspectives, one of the definitions of privacy suggested is that privacy is a voluntary and temporary condition of separation from the public domain (Newell, 1998, p. 357).Oldham, Kulick and Stepina (1991) highlighted the fact that individuals reacted negatively to environments characterized by few enclosures, closeness and high density because such environments exposed individuals to too many unwanted or uncontrolled intrusions.It is also agreed that, the perception of the work environment leads to satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the work and the work environment. Fischer, Tarquinio and Vischer (2004, p.132 ) posit that the there are three major categories of mediating influences on workplace satisfaction and these are, individual differences like culture, age, professional or status, organizational context and environmental features.All these issues could be further grouped into two internal and external factors as relates to the individual. These two descriptions could be mapped to the two ingredients required for a need for privacy to exist i.e. a person or persons and a place. Sanders and McCormick (2002, p. 485) also point out that apart from the physical features of the built environment, people are influenced by nonphysical features like social, cultural, technological, economic and political factors characteristic of the environment.External FactorsThese are the place factors, usually described as the environmental or design issues which can lead to noise distractions, visual distractions, interruptions, crowding and accessibility issues (Ding, S. 2008). Due to the absen ce of internal walls, the low height of walls or partitions in open plan offices influences privacy the more enclosures, the lower the people per given space and the higher the partitions, the higher the privacy perceived (Danielsson 2008 Oldham, G. R et al. 1991 Sundstrom, Herbert and Brown, 1982 etc.).Organizational context is also considered to be an external factor. This involves the type of industry involved by the organization. For example doctors consulting rooms should provide more audio privacy compared to an architectural firms offices or design studios.Internal FactorsThis grouping is based on the person factors or what goes on within the person, the suggestion that individual differences related to but not restricted to personality traits, gender, individual experience etc. affect ones perception of, and hence the evaluation of the work environment (external or place factors). Some studies have found that variations exist across gender in perception of privacy in the ope n plan office (Yildirim, Akalin-Baskaya and Celebi, 2007). Also, in a different cross cultural study of privacy, Newell (1998) found that privacy was more a condition of the person thus, the duration of the experience and the change on the person as a result of the experience leads to its suspected therapeutic effect. In general perceptions and attitudes to privacy, she found that gender also played a part especially within cultures.Maher and von Hippel (2005) and others before them showed that individual differences in the ability to handle overstimulation by the application stimulus screening and inhibitory abilities influenced the perceptions of the work environment. These inhibitory skills are cognitive in nature and such inhibitory skills are found to vary between individuals and even especially across cultures. For example, Hall (1966) points out that the Japanese are said to be content with paper walls as acoustic screens while the Dutch and Germans require thick walls and do uble doors to serve as acoustic screens.Benefits of Privacy in the work EnvironmentNewell (1998, p. 359) relates the need for privacy to help in maintaining healthy internal physiological and cognitive functioning subjectively described as wellbeing. The study concluded that achieving the perceived privacy had some therapeutic effects.On the area of performance, especially for knowledge workers like engineers, accountants, software designers, decision makers etc., auditory and visual distraction have been found to be a cause of stress and even performance impairment (Roper and Juneja, 2008). Furthermore, Oommen, Knowles and Zhao (2008) point to the likelihood of aggression and increased instances of eye, nose and throat irritations while working in open plan environments. This in turn affects productivity.CultureCulture is said to be the way of life of a group of people. This, among other things covers their beliefs, values, norms and rituals. Specifically, Hofstede (2009 p. 1) poin ts out that culture is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from the others and it manifests itself in the form of symbols, heroes, rituals and values. Earlier, an American anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his books, talked about language and especially modes of communication as a point of differentiating cultures (Hall E.T 1966 1976). He even considered language to be the core of culture while, Geert Hofstede considers language as a part of the rituals of a particular culture (Hofstede, 2010). This goes to point out some of the existing disagreements about what culture is and even how it comes about.Culture is thus, studied as a means of understanding or shedding light into the behavior or reactions of individuals or people groups. Edward Hall in his book the hidden dimension writes that people from different cultures inhabit different sensory worlds, so that experience, as it is perceived through one set of cultur ally patterned sensory screens is quite different from experience perceived through another. (1966, p. 2). This highlights and explains the link between culture and perception generally and in spatial terms especially.Classifying CulturesThere have been several descriptions and models of culture (Matsumoto and Yoo, 2006 Hall, 1966 1970), for example, Hall (1966) alludes to contact and non-contact groups or cultures in relation to spatial meanings and preferences within people groups . This is related to the social dimension of privacy (Leino-Kilpi et al. 2001), but he especially specifies high and low context cultures according to their ways of communicating.For the high context (HC) culture or communication for that matter, much of the information is implicit while, in the low context (LC) culture, nearly everything is explicit. He also wrote about the concept of time among cultures (Hall, 1976). Where there are polychronic (P-time) and monochronic (M-Time) cultures the M-time soci ety or culture would prefer to do only one thing at a time when serious i.e. for such persons, time is linear and segmented with each activity scheduled while, the individuals in a P-time culture can juggle several activities, they emphasize the involvement of people and the completion of tasks rather than schedules.Edward T. Hall coined the term Proxemics which he describes as interrelated observations and theories of mans use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture Hall (1966 p. 1). In explaining his observations in proxemic behavior (Hall, 1963 p. 1003) he notes that what is close to an American may be distant to an Arab.Many other researchers and individuals apart from Edward Hall had worked on other frameworks and dimensions of culture. Matsumoto and Yoo, (2006) lists some of these frameworks which are interestingly identified by the names of the researchers that discovered them and this list which is not exhaustive, includesHofstedes (1980) with subsequent revisions a nd dimensions added Schwartz (2004) who presented seven universal value orientations, Smith, Dugan and Trompenaars (1996) had two universal value orientations House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman and Gupta (2003) came up with nine value orientations related to leadership Inglehart (1997) had two attitude-belief-value orientations, Bond et al. (2004) is said to have reported two social axioms. All cited in Matsumoto and Yoo, (2006 p. 239).The listing above does not mention each of the dimensions. The dimensions of each framework listed are found in Table 2.1 below.Table 2.1 Six Theoretical Frameworks for Universal Dimensions of Cultural VariabilityFrameworkDimensionsHofstedes (2001) dimensions ofwork-related valuesIndividualism vs. collectivismPower distanceUncertainty avoidanceMasculinity vs. femininityLong- vs. short-term orientationSchwartzs (2004) dimensions ofvaluesEmbeddednessHierarchyIntellectual autonomyAffective autonomyEgalitarianismMasteryHarmonySmith, Dugan, and Trompenaarss(1 996) dimensions of valuesEgalitarian commitment vs. conservatismUtilitarian involvement vs. loyal involvementHouse, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, andGuptas (2003) dimensions ofleadership valuesPerformance orientationAssertiveness orientationFuture orientationHuman orientationInstitutional collectivismFamily collectivismGender egalitarianismPower distanceUncertainty avoidanceIngleharts (1997) dimensions ofattitudes, values, and beliefsTraditional vs. secular-rational orientationSurvival vs. self-expression valuesBond et al.s (2004) dimensionsof social axioms (beliefs)Dynamic externalitySocietal cynicismSource (Matsumoto, D and Yoo, S. H, 2006 p. 240)National versus Organizational cultureAs a society has a culture, so do organizations and such organizations employ staff who come from a particular culture(s). The organizations then require these individuals to work in offices. Apart from the culture description related to national boundaries, there is a culture that seems to characterize w orkplaces or organizations and this is called organizational or corporate culture.Barney (1986) notes that like culture itself, organizational culture has many competing definitions and then goes on to suggest that a generally acceptable definition of organizational culture to be as a complex set of values, beliefs, assumptions, and symbols that define the way in which a firm conducts its business. (p. 657). He goes on to point the pervasive nature of organizational culture in that, it helps to define the relationship of the firm to parties it comes in contact with through its business. This simply shows that culture within the work place especially geared towards profitability or the conferment of advantages could be termed organizational or corporate culture. Generally it will be assumed that the national culture will also play a part.Guidroz, Kotrba, and Denison (2009) from results of a study of multinational companies, claim that their study seems to point to organizational cult ure superseding national culture in diversity management practices. The issue in question in this thesis is not exactly a management matter but the individual perception of privacy in the open plan office environments and would suggest that both national and organizational cultures playing a part because according to (Brand, 2009) the design of the workspace or workplace communicates the corporate culture of the organization meaning, the adoption of the open plan environment can be tied to the organizations corporate culture.Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsThis is a hugely popular cross-cultural model (Gerhart and Fang, 2005 Hofstede et al, 2010 Sivakumar, Nakata, 2001) currently in use, with its roots in industrial psychology (Meeuwesen, van den Brink-Muinen and Hofstede, 2009) is called the Hofstedes model of culture named after Geert Hofstede a Dutch emeritus Professor of organizational anthropology and international management in the Netherlands.Hofstedes work highlighted the fact that culture is manifested through symbols, heroes, rituals and values. But, Hofstede argues that values form the core of culture as represented by the Hofstede culture Onion in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2 shows the onion structure graphically illustrating the manifestation of culture at different levels and even the interactions therein.As seen from Figure 2.2 above symbols, heroes and rituals are by themselves visible to all observers. It is the cultural meanings of the practices that are open to interpretation by the observer while, values are unseen or embedded within the person but they still subtly determine choices and much more (Hofstede et al., 2010). Hofstedes research studied value survey responses of similar respondents from different countries as to their approach, as related to four basic problems prevalent in most societies (Meeuwesen et. al, 2009) these includedHandling social inequalities in the society.The approach to dealing with uncertainty in general.The structure of the relationship between an individual and the group.The emotional role division between the male and females in a society.The initial data for Hofstedes culture study came about through an analysis of International Business Machine Company (IBM) staff surveys at a time, the company was called Hermes. He utilized the responses from routine staff surveys about values and related matters to provide ratings for countries on each of what he then called the four dimensions of culture.This was achieved by examining correlations between mean scores of questionnaire items at the level of countries. Other approaches, like analysis at the individual level did not provide much useful information (Hofstede, 2009). Later, certain studies showed the need for another dimension and this lead to the inclusion of a fifth dimension called, long term orientation.Each dimension of culture score for a country is calculated using a scale of roughly 0 to 100 for each dimension. A dimension of culture is a n aspect of culture that can be measured relative to other cultures (Hofstede, 2009 p. 6) and the higher the score of a dimension, the more that dimension is exhibited in the society or nation in question while for lower scores the opposite pole of the dimension is more pronounced. Thus, the scores are therefore bipolar (Jones, 2007)In a 2010 book, Greet Hofstede, his son Gert Jan Hofstede and a research collaborator Micheal Minkov reviewed earlier works, alongside their recent studies and added a sixth dimension called indulgence versus restraint (IVR) to the previously known Hofstedes five dimensions of culture. The sixth dimension was largely as a result of the work of Micheal Minkov (Hofstede et al., 2010).The six dimensions of Hofstedes cultural model now include power distance (PDI), individualism (IDV), masculinity (MAS), uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), long term orientation (LTO), and the recently added indulgence (IVR).Power distance (PDI).This indicates the degree of in equality that exists and is accepted among the persons with and without power i.e. the leadership versus the followership respectively as normal and legitimate in any given society. If the power distance scores are high, it indicates a pyramidal or hierarchical system where the power is resident at the top while, lower scores indicate greater equality suggesting power is shared and spread within the group.Individualism (IDV).This is related to the se