Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents Of Syzygium Aromaticum Biology Essay

Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents Of Syzygium Aromaticum Biology EssayAlter inseparable system to drug discovery is likely through the medicinal jells and greater reveals of the people ache assurance in traditional medicine, particularly put drugs for their initial wellnesscare. Recently, responsiveness has been paid in public to consume eco-friendly and bio-friendly plant-based products for the prevention and cure of distinctive human diseases. Sev datel number of people looking for medicine and wellness approaches which exc part side effects ca employ by synthetic chemicals (Remington, 1995).Herbal drugs are having less considerable side effects than the other classes of synthetic drugs and most of the medicinal uses of plants seem to have been actual by trial and error and by interpretation of wild animals. Herbs had been utilized by solely cultures all the way through history. Ancients observed and respected the great variety of plants available to him. The plants af ford a number of basic immanents in human day to day life such(prenominal) as food, clothing, shelter and medicine etc, and as time went on, every tribe supplements the medicinal power of herbs in their area to its awareness base. It was a primary part of the development of modern civilization and In fact, well into the 20th century to a remarkable scope of the pharmacopoeia of scientific medicine was ensuring from the herbal knowledge of indigen peoples. They gathered information accurately on herbs and developed well described herbal pharmacopoeias. Pharmacopoeia includes at least 25% drugs ensuring from plants and rests of other are synthetic analogues developed on model compounds isolated from plants. Today several drugs are commonly used basically derived from herbal origin. In fact, in the United States about(predicate) 25% of the prescription drugs dispensed block at least unrivaled active ingredient derived from plant material in which some are made from plant extracts and rest are synthesized to imitate a natural plant compound. At present there are a number of plant materials belong to divergent family have been used in the treatment of a variety of diseases like bacterial, fungal and dermatophytic infections (Rajshekharan, 2002).Herbal medicine is extensively practiced from ancient period all over the orbit. These medicines are safe as well as eco-friendly and bio-friendly. According to WHO, about 80% of the worlds population relies on traditional medicine for their primary health care and medicinal plant division has normally an important position in the religious, socio cultural and medicinal arena of rural and tribal lives of millions of rural households use medicinal plants in a self-help mode (Remington, 1995).The Greater part of the traditional plant based remedies is back in use and ascertains the right application.Direct sources of remedial agentA model for new synthetic compoundA guide on molecule for the discovery of new drug.PHY TOTHERAPYTo outline the history of phytotherapy is to outline the history of humanity itself. The discovery of medicinal properties of certified plants must have sprung from nature. Ancient peoples first use plants as food and, as results of this ingestion, the liaison with some plant property would have been learned. Medicinal plants were the main source of products used to maintained health until the nineteenth century, when the German chemist Freiedrich Wohler in 1828, hear to prepare ammonium cynate from silver cyanide and ammonium chloride, by mistake synthesized urea. This was considered as the first organic synthesis in history and signed the era of the synthetic compounds (Ahmad, 2006).A multidisciplinary capillary science, research in the phytosciences is more or less unlimited, which composes it impossible to talk about all aspects of this up-and-coming science in just one chapter. Consequently, we have paying attention here chiefly on the antibacterial activity of bioac tive phytocompounds, conversing their use against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with macromolecules and possible for toxicity in mammalian cells. Technical features concerning the advancement of fast and consistent methods of extraction, juicy output screening systems, and bioautography of essential oils and crude extracts and divisions have as well been discussed. Problems associated to the efficacy, stability, drug delivery systems and persona control are also analyzed (Ahmad, 2006).HISTORY OF PHYTOTHERAPYDuring the 100 years of Wohlers discovery Phytomedicine was forgotten by western science and in the earlier 1980s, though, there was a reappearance of attention in the use of natural substances commonly known today as bioactive phytocompounds. This interest can be manifestly understood in the light of questions relating to the safety, cytotoxicity, and side-effects of synthetic compounds, and the essential to find new medicines, comprising new antibiotics to supervise infectious diseases caused by multiresistant pathogens and substances to treat chronic diseases (Heinrich, 2004).Today, the use of medicinal plants and their bioactive phytocompounds and our scientific knowledge about them consist of the modern field of the phytosciences. This is a science fashioned from the conclave of a range of disciplines that have never been tie in before, combining several different areas of economic, social, and political fields, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, medicine, and agriculture (Schulz, 2004).The phytosciences are distinctive from the other biomedical sciences in that as a substitute of testing a hypothesis, researchers evaluate to find out whether plants generally used in traditional medicine bring benefits for health and, if so, what are their mechanisms of action. Although the common conviction that bioactive phytocompounds are safe, they have natural risks just like all active chemical compounds. Researchers within the phytosciences are working to illuminate the side-effects, calculate proper dosages, isolate the bioactive compounds, and define the stature methods of extraction and conservation. As well these, legal aspects concerning the prescription and trade in medicinal plants are a matter of discuss all around the world (Heinrich, 2004).As a multidisciplinary science the research in this field is virtually unlimited, this makes it impractical to converse all the aspects of this promising science in just one chapter. So, this review discusses the antimicrobial activity of bioactive phytocompounds, particularly their use against multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with macromolecules and potential toxicity for mammalian cells. It also discusses technical aspects concerning the development of fast and consistent methods of extraction, high output screening systems and bioautography of e ssential oils and crude extracts and fractions. Problems associated to efficacy, stability, drug delivery systems and quality control will also be discussed (Schulz, 2004).SCREENING OF CRUDE PLANT EXTRACTS refreshful CHALLENGESMedicinal plants have fashioned the establishment of health care all over the world as the early days of humanity and are so far now widely used and have considerable value in international trade. Recognition of their economic, pharmaceutical and clinical value is still rising, although this difference is comprehensively between countries. gear ups are essential for pharmacological research and drug development, not only when bioactive phytocompounds are used promptly as therapeutic agents, but also as preliminary materials for the synthesis of drugs or as models for pharmacologically active compounds. Regulation of their misuse is therefore essential to ensure their availability for the future (Heinrich, 2004).Plant preparations have a very special charact eristic that differentiates them from chemical drugs. A single plant may enclose a number of bioactive phytocompounds and a combination of plants even more .This difficulty is one of the major significant challenges to phytoscientists attempting to recognize a single bioactive phytocompounds or chemical group in the massive innovation that encompass a single crude extract (Heinrich, 2004).Biotechnology in the 1970s and 1980s made incredible progress and accompanied in a new era for the pharmaceutical industry. Many enzymes and receptor proteins of therapeutic interest were made existing in great quantities by recombinant expression, although signal transduction pathways could be interrogated by reported gene carrying cellular constructs. Such mechanism-based invitro assays are agreeable to significant scales of operations, and the concept of high-throughput screening rapidly became the standard for lead discovery (Heinrich, 2004).PROCESS normalisation OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCOMPOUNDS H AVING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITYDifferent methods to drug discovery apply higher plants can be discriminated Random pick followed by chemical screening ergodic selection followed by one or more biological assays biological activity reports and ethno medical use of plants. The second approach comprises of plants used in traditional medical systems herbalism, folklore, and shamanism and the use of databases. The purpose is the targeted isolation of bioactive phytocompounds and once an active extract has been identified, the first to be taken is the identification of the bioactive phytocompounds, and this can signify all a full identification of bioactive phytocompounds after purification or partial identification to the level of a family of known compounds (Schulz, 2004).For screening selection, plants are collected each randomly or by following leads supplied by local healers in geographical areas where the plants are found. Primary screening of plants for possible antimicrobial act ivity usually begins by using crude aqueous or alcoholic extractions followed by different organic extraction procedures. Plant material can be used fresh or dried and other signficant plant materials related to antimicrobial activity are the essential oils. Essential oils are complex natural mixtures of inconstant secondary metabolites, isolated from plants by hydro or steam distillation and by expression (citrus peel oils). The chief constituents of essential oils (mono and sesquiterpenes), along with a carbohydrates, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones, are obligated for the fragrant and biological properties of aromatic and medicinal plants (Schulz, 2004).Due to these properties, since ancient times species and herbs have been added to food, not only as flavoring agents but also as preservatives. For centuries essential oils have been isolated from different parts of plants and are also used for related purposes (Blumenthal, 2000).The activities of essential oils cover a broad spectrum and various essential oils produce pharmacological effects, representing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancerogenic properties. Others are biocides against a broad range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, insects, plants and viruses (Heinrich, 2004).Therefore medicinal plants have been used for centuries as therapy for human diseases because they contain therapeutic value components. Recently, the acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care and advancement of microbial resistance to existing antibiotics has lead authors to investigate the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants. Moreover, the increasing use of plant extract in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries recommend that, in order to find active compounds a systematic activity of medicinal plants is significant (Heinrich, 2004).SCOPEThe scope of this Research is based on the fact that Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is available comfortably in anyw here and is cultivated largely. Based on the literature survey as it is showing so many bioactive components and is of medicinal value without side effects, I have selected Clove for my Research work.Clove buds selectionExtraction by using SoxhletAntimicrobial ScreeningMICChemical analysis presence or absence of phytoconstituentsChromatography techniques (GC) Compound Identification.OBJECTIVESTo Extract Clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) using organic solvents.To study the Antimicrobial activity of the extracted solution.To study the chemical analysis of the extracted solution.To identify the components within the extracted solution using Gas Chromatography.REVIEW OF LITERATUREPLANT HISTORYThe Clove, a Malucca Islands native, is one of the oldest fruits known to man. The word Clove gets its name from the Latin word nail clavus, as the buds looks like small irregular nails in shape and the word made its way to English via Old French clou. Originally thought to be native to China, Clo ves were actually brought to China about 266 B.C. and was one of the first spices to be traded by Arab traders transported to the Romans (Evans, 1996).Taxonomical ClassificationKingdom plantae-plants cuneuskingdom tracheobionata-vascular plantsSuper division spermatophyta-seed plantsDivision magnoliophyta-flowering plantsClass Magnoliopsida-dicotyledonsSub class RosidaeOrder MyrtalesFamily Myrtaceae-Myrtle familyGenus Syzygium P. Br. Ex Gaertn.-syzygiumSpecies Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. L.M. Perry clove (Cronquist, 1981).PLANT DESCRIPTIONSyzygium aromaticum Linn. Is considered as the Golden current.VERNACULAR labelFrench Clou de girofleIndonesia CengkehThe Philippines Klabong pakoDutch KruidnagelGerman NelkeIndia LavangChina Ding xiang, etc (Kokate, 2007).BIOLOGICAL SOURCECloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a plant Syzygium aromaticum be to family Myrtaceae (Gokhale, 2008).ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTIONThe Clove plant is native from Malucca Islands by itself Bachi an, Mutir, Makyan, Ternate and Tidore, where natural clove trees can be found. The Clove buds are say to be one of the oldest fruits known to man and has been cultivated since ancient times. The buds was used in many ways as it is today and was one of the first spices to be traded by Arab traders transported to the Romans. Cloves were actually brought to China about 266 B.C. It has been widely cultivated throughout the Indonesia, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, and Zanzibar and china (Claus, 1965).CULTIVATIONClimate and soilClove is a tropical plant which requires warm humid climate, rich loamy soil and Annual rainfall of about 150-30mm and Altitude-1500m above the sea level. Cool climate with good rainfall is perfection for flowering. And also requires good drainage because crop cant withstand water logging (Murty, and Subramanyam, 1989).Planting and materialSeeds collected from fully ripe fruits and soaked in water overnight. Fully developed and uniform sized seeds are u sed for sowing and the pericarp is removed before sowing (Murty, and Subramanyam, 1989).Nursery risingNursery beds to be fain for sowing seeds of about 15-20cm height, 1mt width and convenient length. Made of loose soil-sand mixture over a layer of sand may be spread. Then seeds are sown at 2-3cm spacing and depth of 2cm and allowed for germination about 10-15 days, precaution to be taken for seed beds have to be protected from direct sunlight. The germinated seeds are then(prenominal) transplanted in polybags containing a mixture of soil, sand and decomposed cow dung and these are ready for transplanting after 18-24 months old (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999).Preparation of land and plantingThe selection of area for plantations should clear of wild growth before monsoon. The pits of about 75cm 75cm 75cm are dug at a spacing of 6-7mts and are partially filled with compost, chiliad leaf and mixed with top soil. Then followed by transplantation of seedlings in the main field during b eginning of the rainy season (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999).Manuring and fertilizer applicationManuring is requirement for proper growth and flowering of the plant and can be done by applying cattle manure and bone meal for one plant in the initial years. This can be increased gradually. Dead and diseased shoots should be removed once or twice a year.Inorganic fertilizer is about 40gm urea, 110gm super phosphate and 80gm murate of potash of fertilizer dose can be usually recommended in the initial stage. This can be increased gradually (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999). reaping AND YIELDThe flowering of the plant can be starts from the fourth year but full bearing stage is attained after 15 to 20 yrs. harvesting is done by the unopened buds when they are plump and rounded and carefully done without damaging the branches. The buds after separation are allowed to dry in the sun. The well dried buds are then processed for packaging (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999).